tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-52801286908427324952024-03-19T03:48:08.457-07:00Clinical Chemistry ReviewerQuestions in Clinical Chemistry 1, 2 & 3.Unknownnoreply@blogger.comBlogger166125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5280128690842732495.post-23664496544714641132018-12-18T02:44:00.001-08:002018-12-18T02:44:22.772-08:00Clinical Chemistry - Review Questions on Liver Function Test (LFT)
1. _____________________________________________ The enzyme responsible for the conversion of heme to biliverdin.
2. _____________________________________________ The enzyme responsible for the conversion of B1 to B2.
3. _____________________________________________ The carrier protein for B1 to the liver.
4. _____________________________________________ B1 is conjugated with this substance in the liver.
5. _____________________________________________ The liver converts ethanol to this substance.
6. _____________________________________________ Amino acids are converted to this substance in the liver.
7. _____________________________________________These cells act as macrophages in the liver.
8. _____________________________________________ It connects the liver to the diaphragm.
9. _____________________________________________Name the 2 mechanisms by which the liver detoxifies substances.
10. _____________________________________________
11. _____________________________________________The amount of bile produced every day.
12. _____________________________________________The major bile pigment.
13. _____________________________________________The amount of bilirubin produced daily.
14. _____________________________________________Normal value for TB.
15. _____________________________________________Normal value for B2.
16. _____________________________________________These cells would carry B1 inside the liver.
17. _____________________________________________ This substance prevents B1 from leaving the liver.
18. _____________________________________________Bilirubin is converted to this substance in the small intestines by the action of bacteria.
19. _____________________________________________The answer to no. 18 is converted further to this substance which gives the color of the reagent.
20. _____________________________________________In the urine, some bilirubin is converted to this substance.
21. _____________________________________________ Conversion factor of Bilirubin
22. _____________________________________________ Formula for TB.
23. Three sources of bilirubin_________________________
24. _____________________________________________
25. _____________________________________________
ESSAY:
1. ILLUSTRATE HOW B1 AND B2 ARE FORMED (10 pts)
2. NAME 5 SYNONYMS EACH FOR B1 AND B2 (10 pts.)
<h2>Check next week for the correct answers.</h2> Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5280128690842732495.post-56096599896157117112018-06-28T00:03:00.003-07:002018-06-28T00:03:50.588-07:00Answers to Review Questions in Thyroid Function and Abnormalities1. How are T3 and T4 formed?<br /><br />T3 is formed from the combination of 1 diidothyronine and 1 monoiodothyronine, while T4 is formed by the combination of 2 diiodothyronine molecules.<br />
<br />2. What's more biologically active between T3 and T4?<br /><br />Although total T4 is more elevated in the blood stream, T3 is more biologically active because it has more free forms than T3. The free forms are responsible for the activity of the hormone in the body.<br /><br />3. What would be a more reliable test between T3 and T4 to test Thyroid Function?<br /><br />Both can be performed, including TSH to determine thyroid function.<br /><br />4. What other tests can be performed for TFT (Thyroid Function Test)?<br /><br />TSH test and T3 uptake test. Also, FT3, FT4.<br /><br />5. What abnormalities can result from insufficient or elevated T3 and T4?<br /><br />Hyperthyroidism – elevated T3 and T4; decreased TSH<br />Hypothyroidism – low T3 and T4; increased TSH<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5280128690842732495.post-41754520707659420782018-06-14T04:12:00.001-07:002018-06-14T04:12:23.119-07:00REVIEW QUESTIONS: For HCG TestingREVIEW QUESTIONS: For HCG Testing<br />
<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "arial rounded mt bold" , "sans-serif";"></span></b>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In the
quantitative test, why is there a need to test a 24 hr. urine specimen?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">How can
you detoxify urine in patient's preparation for HCG determination?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What are
the causes of false positive and false negative results?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">What
normal condition gives positive results to HCG?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: .25in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 0in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .25in; text-align: justify; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">In the
quantitative determination of HCG why do you have to prepare serial dilution of
the urine samples.</span><br />
<br />
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ANSWERS WILL BE POSTED NEXT WEEK,<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5280128690842732495.post-46880824521326689282018-06-13T19:37:00.001-07:002018-06-28T00:05:06.990-07:00Review on Thyroid Gland and Abnormalities Slide ShowThe thyroid gland is found at the neck portion of the human body. It is the major metabolic gland because it secretes the primary metabolic hormones, T3 and T4. Without Triidothyronine and Thyroxine, your body won't be able to develop properly. See if you can answer these questions first, before proceeding to the slides.Write your answers on a sheet of paper, so you can check them later.<br />
<h2>
Review Questions in Thyroid Function and Abnormalities</h2>
1. How are T3 and T4 formed?<br />
2. What's more biologically active between T3 and T4?<br />
3. What would be a more reliable test between T3 and T4 to test Thyroid Function?<br />
4. What other tests can be performed for TFT (Thyroid Function Test)?<br />
5. What abnormalities can result from insufficient or elevated T3 and T4?<br />
<br />
Now, Let's see if your answers are correct. Check here for the <a href="http://www.clinchemreviewer.com/2018/06/answers-to-review-questions-in-thyroid.html" target="_blank">answers to Thyroid Function Test</a><br />
<br />
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Answers will be posted next week.<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5280128690842732495.post-13506425774811627282018-04-29T02:31:00.000-07:002018-05-01T08:23:30.670-07:00Med Tech Research TopicsMed Tech Research topics seem to be difficult to formulate because there are studies on almost any topic. In searching for thesis topics for medical technology, you have to evaluate first your field of interest. Is it Microbiology, Immunology-Serology, Parasitology, Clinical Chemistry, Hematology, Clinical Microscopy, or Blood Banking?<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAQmDEHNjzfo0HkehspbWKMUTenCQFXCMyKg2KbFzTqehoL5IlQQDdAB3GA1AXf2MbPl3q38k-MZdMLQ3HxzYJMO_1MYK_X8L3-xRUUMwAwiBXmv-6g7k1-QS_-v3tnUAi_M-fHgdyxCI/s1600/PICS-APPLE-IPHONE-DEC-2103+1487.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1200" data-original-width="1600" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAQmDEHNjzfo0HkehspbWKMUTenCQFXCMyKg2KbFzTqehoL5IlQQDdAB3GA1AXf2MbPl3q38k-MZdMLQ3HxzYJMO_1MYK_X8L3-xRUUMwAwiBXmv-6g7k1-QS_-v3tnUAi_M-fHgdyxCI/s400/PICS-APPLE-IPHONE-DEC-2103+1487.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Laboratory Pipets</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<br />
From there, you have to find a missing aspect, or needed information that people would want to know. It doesn’t need to be complex. A simple study done reliably is more significant than a complex study conducted halfheartedly.<br />
<br />
Your study must be able to give answers to existing questions, or add new information to current facts.
Don’t copy titles or content to avoid being charged with plagiarism. Conduct your own study and learn, while discovering new knowledge. If there are studies that needed more in-depth research, then you can also do a follow-up research.<br />
<br />
Examples of General Med Tech Research Topics are:<br />
<br />
1. Correlations of Blood Substances to each other; example: cholesterol and uric acid; HDL and potassium<br />
<br />
2. Quality Control parameters and confirmatory methods<br />
<br />
3. Laboratory Waste Disposal of big hospitals (Choose one and research how they dispose of their garbage) Find the answer to whatever inadequacies they have in their system.)<br />
<br />
4. Research on the accuracy of a new method<br />
<br />
5. Study the bioactivity of specific plants (you can base this on folklore, but use empirical/scientific methods to confirm the claims)<br />
<br />
6. Compare the efficacy of certain drugs against a common disease<br />
<br />
7. Conduct a records’ survey/review of certain aspects and analyze them. This should be within the span of several years.<br />
<br />
8. Create a new laboratory method or machine for testing certain substances.
You can also visit the following sites to read more about Med Tech Research topics and thesis titles. <br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.solaronthewhitehouse.com/topics/medical-technology.asm" target="_blank">Topics for Medical Technology Research Papers</a> <br />
<br />
<a href="https://sphcm.med.unsw.edu.au/current-students/postgraduate-research/student-thesis-titles" target="_blank">Student Thesis Titles</a> <br />
<br />
<a href="http://su.edu.ph/594-medtech-ranks-1st-in-nat039l-research-paper-competition/" target="_blank">Silliman University Ranks 1 in Med Tech Research Paper</a> <br />
<br />
You may also want to conduct community surveys on what common problems regarding health do the residents have experienced.<br />
<br />
Go to the library and browse past and ongoing research papers.<br />
<br />
Go online and surf.
Read other research papers/studies.<br />
<br />
Visit hospitals and laboratories, and find out what problems they encounter. Find the answers to these problems.<br />
<br />
Take note that your research must be able to contribute something substantial to your profession or to the allied medical field, or to society in general.<br />
<br />
Good luck.<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5280128690842732495.post-91633666826747621282018-04-06T01:29:00.001-07:002018-04-06T01:34:36.252-07:00What is the Difference between Urine Creatinine and Serum Creatinine? Know Your Lab Test<script async src="//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js"></script>
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Patients undergoing kidney assessment ask the difference between urine creatinine and serum creatinine. Although both tests are done in the laboratory, they differ in many aspects. It is important to know each of them so that you can prepare correctly during your laboratory visit.
<br />
<h2>
What sample is used for the test of Urine Creatinine and Serum Creatinine?</h2>
The first difference between urine creatine and serum creatine is the sample used for the test. Obviously, urine creatinine requires you to collect urine sample. However, this is not the same as the routine urinalysis that you know. Since the test measures the amount of creatinine, you need to carefully collect your urine sample for 24 hours.<br />
<br />
If you are not informed about this difference between urine creatinine and serum creatinine, you might not be able to bring your sample correctly.
Urine 24-hour collection means placing all your pee in a single container for the next 24 hours, including the whole day and night. The laboratory usually provides you with the appropriate vessel with preservatives in it to keep your urine stable during the whole collection.<br />
<br />
If it is not provided, you can use a clean bottle and keep the urine in a cooler to prevent bacterial decomposition.
To ensure that you get the correct difference between urine creatinine and serum creatinine, record the time you started your collection, collect all urine and end on the same time the following day. Be sure not to spill any urine and do not miss out any portion of it.
For serum creatinine, blood is the sample required.<br />
<br />
Your medical technologist collects blood from you so there is no much hassle involved on your part. On the day of your examination, just go to the laboratory and have yourself prepared for the blood extraction. There is no need to fast since there is no difference between urine creatinine and serum creatinine in terms of patient preparation. Just expect a slight but tolerable pain during the needle insertion.<br />
<br />
If you have allergies to latex, fear of needle, fainting tendencies or any other concerns, verbalize them to your health care provider.
<br />
<h2>
Why is serum creatinine and urine creatinine requested?</h2>
The indication for the request is another important difference between urine creatinine and serum creatinine. Serum creatinine measures the amount of the substance in the blood. Levels coincide with kidney damage.
This is the reason why doctors request for the test for assessment of kidney functions.<br />
<br />
However, it is not requested on its own because it is not highly sensitive in diagnosing early stages of kidney problems. Most physicians also request other kidney function tests like Blood Urea Nitrogen.
Urine creatinine is requested to get what is called as the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR).<br />
<br />
It represents how well the kidneys are able to clear substances in the body. In easier terms, it tells you the filtration ability of your organs. Remember your anatomy class in school? Your teacher told you that kidneys filter the blood and remove toxic substances through the urine.
Those substances include creatinine.<br />
<br />
By measuring urine creatinine, your doctor can have a rough assessment on how good are your organs in cleaning your blood. However, a single test does not lead to a definite diagnosis. Your health care provider confirms it by requesting additional tests.
<br />
<h2>
What is the NORMAL VALUE for urine creatinine and serum creatinine?</h2>
Because there is a difference between urine creatinine and serum creatinine, their normal values also differ. Each laboratory can set their reference range but the slight differences usually do not matter. Generally, the values are set based on gender. Women have lower levels compared with men because they have a lower muscle mass. Serum creatinine is 0.6 to 1.1 mg/dL in women and 0.7-1.3 mg/dL in men.
<br />
<h2>
What is creatinine?</h2>
Now that you know the difference between urine creatinine and serum creatinine, your next goal is to know what creatinine is all about.
Creatine is a byproduct of muscle metabolism and it is constantly being removed from the body through the urine.<br />
<br />
Everyone has creatinine in their blood but abnormal rise is see in kidney problems. But apart from this, the difference between urine creatinine and serum creatinine occurs during muscle injury, diet rich in protein and meat, and use of some drugs.<br />
<br />
Thus, it is important that you inform your health care provider if you are taking any drugs or you are on a special diet.
During the interpretation on the difference between urine creatinine and serum creatinine, your doctor also considers your age and body size. These variables also affect the normal values and thus, may affect the interpretation.<br />
<br />
<br />
Overall, apart from the sample used and normal values, the difference between urine creatinine and serum creatinine is not critical. For as long as you follow your doctor’s order during the test, you are sure that you will get the most accurate results.<br />
<br />
<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5280128690842732495.post-46695291862106440412017-12-24T09:13:00.000-08:002018-04-06T01:31:35.225-07:00Dilution Lab Problems and Solutions (Answers)
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<b>Dilution Lab Problems and Solutions (Answers)</b><br />
<b></b><br />
In the laboratory, you are often asked to prepare dilutions of solutions. These dilution lab problems can sometimes leave you grasping for solutions. Well, fret no more, in this post, simple dilution problems are given with the corresponding answers below. I hope you enjoy this learning process.<br />
<b><br />Instructions:</b><br />
<br />
For the following problems, identify the given and the unknown. State what formula could be used, and show your computations.<br />
<br />
1. How do you prepare a 1:4 dilution of HCl?<br />
2. What’s the volume of diluent (NSS) needed to prepare a 1:5 serum dilution with a total of 5 mL?<br />
3. How do you prepare a Normal Saline Solution (NSS)?<br />
4. What is the resulting dilution for each tube in this serial dilution?<br />
<br />
Tube No. Volume of stock standard solution in mL Volume of diluent in mL Resulting Dilution<br />
1 <br />
2 <br />
3 <br />
<br />
5. How much volume do you need to prepare a 5 ml of a 1:10 dilution?<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><b>ANSWERS</b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;">1. How do you prepare a 1:4 dilution of HCl?</span><br />
<br />
A 1:4 dilution indicates that there for every 1 part of the solute, there are 3 parts of the solvent. 4 indicate the total of the parts of the solute and the solvent. The solute is HCl (hydrochloric acid) and the solvent would be distilled water.<br />
<br />
The easiest method is to assume that I part = 1 mL (milliliter), hence, 1 part is = 1mL HCl<br />
<br />
If 1 part = 1 mL<br />
Hence:<br />
3 parts = 3 mL<br />
<br />
When you add the parts, the total is 4, hence, the dilution 1:4<br />
<br />
So, to prepare 1:4 dilution, you add 1 mL of HCL to 3 mL of distilled water.<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;">2. What’s the volume of diluent (NSS) needed to prepare a 1:5 serum dilution with a total of 5 mL?</span><br />
<br />
NSS or Normal Saline Solution is also 85% saline. This is also very simple to solve, since 5 is the total of the solute and diluent parts, you can assume that 1 part = 1 mL.<br />
<br />
So, 4 parts is required to complete the 5 parts. <br />
<br />
Since 1 part =1 mL<br />
So, 4 parts = 4 mL<br />
<br />
Since the total volume is also 5 mL, then by adding 1 mL of serum + 4 mL of NSS; you, therefore, need 4 mL of NSS to prepare the dilution.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;">3. How do you prepare a serum dilution of 1:3, if your available serum is only 0.25 mL?</span><br />
<br />
1:3 – indicates 1 part of serum + 2 parts of diluent<br />
<br />
Since the available solute or serum volume is only 0.25 mL, you have to equate this to 1 part of the dilution.<br />
<br />
Hence, if 1 part = 0.25 mL<br />
<br />
Therefore, 2 parts diluent = 0.25 mL x 2 parts = 0.50 mL<br />
<br />
Hence, to prepare a serum dilution of 1:3, you can add:<br />
0.25 mL of serum + 0.50 mL of diluent.<br />
<br />
1 part + 2 parts = 3 parts <br />
<br />
So, the dilution is 1:3<br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;">4. What is the resulting dilution for each tube in this serial dilution?</span><br />
<br />
Tube No. Volume of standard solution in mL Volume of diluent in mL Resulting Dilution<br />
1 0.5 (pure stock soln.) 1 1:3<br />
2 0.5 from tube #1 1 1:9<br />
3 0.5 from tube #2 (mix and discard 0.5 mL) 1 1:27<br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;">5. How much volume do you need to prepare a 5 ml of a 1:10 dilution of standard solution?</span><br />
<span style="color: red;">1:10 dilution indicates what?</span><br />
<br />
Yes, it indicates that 1 part of standard stock solution is added to 9 parts of diluent.<br />
<br />
You can do the easiest method by adding 1 mL of the standard stock solution plus 9 mL of the diluent.<br />
<br />
However, since the total volume is stated, which is 5 mL, you have to determine how many parts would the solution consists of.<br />
<br />
You can divide 5 mL by 10, to determine the volume of each part.<br />
<br />
Hence, 5/10 = 0.5 mL<br />
<br />
So, you can now equate 1 part with 0.5 mL<br />
The 9 parts diluent would therefore be = 9 x 0.5 = 4.5 mL<br />
<br />
So, you add 0.5 mL standard stock solution to 4.5 mL diluent to come up with a 5 mL total volume of 1:10 standard dilution.<br />
<br />
There you go! It’s relatively easy, if you always remember that the dilution factor (DF) is the total of 1 part of the solute and the designated parts of the solvent. <br />
<br />
If I say the DF is 5, I’m also stating that the dilution is 1:5. So, there are 1 part of solute + 4 parts of solvent. <br />
<br />
For 1:9<br />
<br />
There is one part of solute + 8 parts of the solvent<br />
<br />
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<br>
Dilution is different from ratio because in ratio the numbers remain the same. You don’t add them. Unlike in dilution, you add the parts of the solute plus parts of the solvent.<br />
<br />
If you’re performing serial dilution, remember to multiply the previous dilution of the tube from where you got the solute. <br />
<br />
Good luck with your laboratory math during your exams or when you’re working.<br />
<br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5280128690842732495.post-27961914377765145962017-11-05T01:46:00.000-08:002017-11-05T01:46:28.196-08:00Questions for laboratory math in Clinical ChemistryQuestions for laboratory math in Clinical Chemistry<br />
<br />Instructions<br />
<br />• Read each question carefully before answering<br />• Follow the procedures of problem solving<br />o Determine the given<br />o What is asked? (unknown)<br />o Connect the given with the unknown using a formula<br />• Atomic weights:<br />o Na = 23<br />o Cl = 35.5<br />o Ca = 40<br />o H = 1<br />o O = 16<br />o S = 32<br /><br />• Valences <br />o NaCl = 1<br />o H2SO4 = 2<br />o CaCl = 2<br />o HCl = 1<br /><br />1. You have weighed 90 grams of sodium chloride (NaCl) in dissolved it to a total volume of 500 ml in a volumetric flask. Determine the following:<br />a. Percent solution<br />b. Normality<br />c. Molarity<br /><br />2. If you were to prepare a total volume of 150 ml of the following stock solutions from a 50 mg/dL standard, how would you do it? Show volume of diluent and stock solution.<br />a. 40 mg/dL<br />b. 30 mg/dL<br />c. 20 m/dL<br />d. 10 mg/dL<br />ANSWERS WILL BE PUBLISHED NEXT WEEK.<br /><br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5280128690842732495.post-48560651993628876842017-08-23T21:48:00.000-07:002017-12-14T18:57:06.095-08:00ANSWERS TO CASE ANALYSIS in Clinical Chemistry
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ANSWERS TO CASE ANALYSIS in Clinical Chemistry<br /><br /><span style="color: red;">Laboratory tests are performed on a 50-year old lean woman during an annual physical check-up. She has no family history of diabetes or any history of elevated glucose levels during pregnancy. Her laboratory results are the following:<br />FBS = 90 mg/dL<br />Cholesterol = 140 mg/dL<br />HDL = 40 mg/dL<br />TAG = 90 mg/Dl</span><br /><b>THE ANSWERS ARE THE CHOICES THAT ARE IN BLACK LETTERS</b><br /><br /><span style="color: red;">QUESTIONS:<br />1. The probable diagnosis of the patient is:<br /> a. myocardial infarction<br /> b. gestational diabetes<br /> c. hypercholesterolemia<br /> d. hyperlipoproteinemia</span><b> e. NIL – APPARENTLY, THE RESULTS ARE NORMAL</b><br /><br /><span style="color: red;">2. What are the risk factors that would indicate a potential risk of this patient developing diabetes?<br /> 1. increased cholesterol value<br /> 2. increased TAG value<br /> 3. decreased HDL value<br /> 4. increased LDL value<br /> 5. NIL<br /><br /> a. 1 b. 1 & 2 c. 1,2 & 3 </span> <b>d. 1, 2, 3 & 4</b> <span style="color: red;">e. NIL</span><br /><br /><span style="color: red;">3. What would be the proper follow-up tests for this patient?<br /> a. Repeat FBS and OGTT<br /> b. Repeat TAG, Chole, HDL</span><b> c. Repeat all tests</b><br /> <span style="color: red;"> d. Repeat all tests and OGTT<br /> e. NIL</span><br /><span style="color: red;">4. In this specific case, what would be the most significant test for DM?</span><br /><b> a. 2 HPPT</b><br /> <span style="color: red;">b. FBS<br /> c. OGTT<br /> d. RBS<br /> e. NIL</span><br /><span style="color: red;">5. Using the Friedewald formula, the LDL value of a patient with the following results is: <br />TC = 150 mg/dL, TAG = 90 mg/dL, and HDL = 36 mg/dL:</span><b>a. 96 mg/dL</b><br /><span style="color: red;">b. 102.69 mg/dL<br />c. 375 mg/dL<br />d. 24 mg/dL<br />e. NIL</span><br /><b>Friedewald formula: Explanation<br /><br />The Friedewald formula (FF) is an estimation of LDL-c level. It utilizes the following values:<br /><br />Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c)<br /><br />The FF is:<br /><br />LDL-c (mg/dL) = TC (mg/dL) − HDL-c (mg/dL) − TG (mg/dL)/5<br /><br />Example is above:<br /><br />Substituting the given data, you will get:<br /><br />LDL-c = (150 - 36) - (90/5)<br /><br />LDL-c = (150 -36) - 18<br /><br />LDL-c = 96 mg/dL</b><br /><span style="color: red;">6. The reason why the value of glucose is 10-15% lower in whole blood than serum and plasma is:<br /> a. Glycolysis is more predominant in plasma<br /> b. Gluconeogenesis occurs only in serum and plasma</span> <b> c. Red blood cells consume glucose</b><br /> <span style="color: red;"> d. Glucose is contained mostly in serum<br /> e. NIL</span><br /><span style="color: red;">7. The value of 110 traditional units of cholesterol in SI units is:<br /> a. 1.10 mmol/L<br /> b. 220 mg/dL<br /> c. 11.0 mmol/L<br /> d. 6.105 mmol/L</span><b> e. NIL - 110 mg/dl = 2.8446 mmol/l</b><br /> <br /> <br /><b>NOTES:<br /><br />To convert from mg/dL (Traditional units) to mmol/L (SI units)<br /><br />For total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol divide mg/dL by 38.67<br /><br />Example 110 mg/dL to SI units<br /><br />110 mg/dL/38.67 = 2.8846 mmol/L<br /><br />For triglycerides divide mg/dL by 88.57<br /><br />Example 150 mg/dL to SI units<br /><br /> 150 mg/dL/88.57 = 1.69357 mmol/L<br /><br />To convert from mmol/L to mg/dL<br /><br />For total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol multiply mmol/L by 38.67<br /><br />Example 2.0 mmol/L to traditional units (mg/dL)<br /><br />2.0 mmol/L * 38.67 = 77.34 mg/dL<br /><br />For triglycerides multiply mmol/L by 88.57<br /><br />Example 3.2 mmol/L to traditional units (mg/dL)<br /><br />3.2 mmol/L * 88.57 = 283.424 mg/dL<br /></b><span style="color: red;">8. The normal value of TP in SI units is:<br /> a. 3.2 – 8.5 g/dL<br /> b. 3.5 – 6.2 g/L</span> <b> c. 32 – 85 g/L OTHER BOOKS SAY IT’S 60 – 80 g/L</b><br /> <span style="color: red;"> d. 3.3 – 5.3 g/dL<br /> e. NIL</span><br /><span style="color: red;">9. In protein measurements, Nessler’s reagent is:</span><br /><b> a. double iodide of potassium and mercury</b><br /> <span style="color: red;"> b. double ions of mercury and iodine<br /> c. mercury, iodine and potassium<br /> d. bonds between an anion and a cation <br /> e. NIL</span><br /><span style="color: red;">10. The following are methods for cholesterol determination, except:</span><br /><b> a. Van Handel and Zilversmit</b><br /> <span style="color: red;"> b. Pearson McGavak<br /> c. Schoenheimer and Sperry<br /> d. Sperry and Webs<br /> e. NIL</span><br /><span style="color: red;">11. The serum proteins are the following, EXCEPT:<br /> a. albumin<br /> b. globulin</span><b> c. fibrinogen<br /> d. immunoglobulin</b><span style="color: red;"> e. NIL</span><br /><br /><span style="color: red;">12. When testing for OGTT, the following precautions should be observed, EXCEPT:</span><br /><b> a. The patient should not be ambulatory</b><br /><span style="color: red;"> b. The patient should eat only 150 grams of carbohydrates daily for 3 days prior to the test<br /> c. The patient should fast for 8-12 hours<br /> d. Strenuous exercise should be avoided<br /> e. NIL</span><br /><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5280128690842732495.post-12429841920855494962017-08-21T23:19:00.001-07:002017-08-23T21:50:06.252-07:00CASE ANALYSIS in Clinical ChemistryCASE ANALYSIS in Clinical Chemistry<br />
<br />
Laboratory tests are performed on a 50-year old lean woman during an annual physical check-up. She has no family history of diabetes or any history of elevated glucose levels during pregnancy. Her laboratory results are the following:<br />
FBS = 90 mg/dL<br />
Cholesterol = 140 mg/dL<br />
HDL = 40 mg/dL<br />
TAG = 90 mg/dL<br />
<br />
QUESTIONS:<br />
1. The probable diagnosis of the patient is:<br />
a. myocardial infarction<br />
b. gestational diabetes<br />
c. hypercholesterolemia<br />
d. hyperlipoproteinemia<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
2. What are the risk factors that would indicate a potential risk of this patient developing diabetes?<br />
1. increased cholesterol value<br />
2. increased TAG value<br />
3. decreased HDL value<br />
4. increased LDL value<br />
5. NIL<br />
<br />
a. 1 b. 1 & 2 c. 1,2 & 3 d. 1, 2, 3 & 4 e. NIL<br />
<br />
3. What would be the proper follow-up tests for this patient?<br />
a. Repeat FBS and OGTT<br />
b. Repeat TAG, Chole, HDL<br />
c. Repeat all tests<br />
d. Repeat all tests and OGTT<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
4. In this specific case, what would be the most significant test for DM?<br />
a. 2 HPPT<br />
b. FBS<br />
c. OGTT<br />
d. RBS<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
5. Using the Friedewald formula, the LDL value of a patient with the following results is: <br />
TC = 150 mg/dL, TAG = 90 mg/dL, and HDL = 36 mg/dL:<br />
a. 96 mg/dL<br />
b. 102.69 mg/dL<br />
c. 375 mg/dL<br />
d. 24 mg/dL<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
6. The reason why the value of glucose is 10-15% lower in whole blood than serum and plasma is:<br />
a. Glycolysis is more predominant in plasma<br />
b. Gluconeogenesis occurs only in serum and plasma<br />
c. Red blood cells consume glucose<br />
d. Glucose is contained mostly in serum<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
7. The value of 110 traditional units of cholesterol in SI units is:<br />
a. 1.10 mmol/L<br />
b. 220 mg/dL<br />
c. 11.0 mmol/L<br />
d. 6.105 mmol/L<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
8. The normal value of TP in SI units is:<br />
a. 3.2 – 8.5 g/dL<br />
b. 3.5 – 6.2 g/L<br />
c. 32 – 85 g/L<br />
d. 3.3 – 5.3 g/dL<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
9. In protein measurements, Nessler’s reagent is:<br />
a. double iodide of potassium and mercury<br />
b. double ions of mercury and iodine<br />
c. mercury, iodine and potassium<br />
d. bonds between an anion and a cation <br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
10. The following are methods for cholesterol determination, except:<br />
a. Van Handel and Zilversmit<br />
b. Pearson McGavak<br />
c. Schoenheimer and Sperry<br />
d. Sperry and Webs<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
11. The serum proteins are the following, EXCEPT:<br />
a. albumin<br />
b. globulin<br />
c. fibrinogen<br />
d. immunoglobulin<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
12. When testing for OGTT, the following precautions should be observed, EXCEPT:<br />
a. The patient should not be ambulatory<br />
b. The patient should eat only 150 grams of carbohydrates daily for 3 days prior to the test<br />
c. The patient should fast for 8-12 hours<br />
d. Strenuous exercise should be avoided<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
ANSWERS<a href="http://wwwclinchemreviewer.blogspot.com/2017/08/answers-to-case-analysis-in-clinical.html" target="_blank"> CAN BE READ HERE</a>.<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5280128690842732495.post-69598836211925547242017-08-20T22:15:00.001-07:002017-08-20T22:15:54.803-07:00Answers to Review Questions On InstrumentationANSWERS to REVIEW QUESTIONS ON INSTRUMENTATION<br /><br />1. d - flame photometry<br />2. a - quartz<br />3. c - particles<br />4. a - molarity<br />5. c - dilution<br />6. e - not in the list (you should multiple the dilutions with the original concentration<br />7. d - all of the above<br />8. c - obviate the need for matched detectors<br />9. a- the color of the reagents<br />10. c - fluorometer<br />11. c - fluoroscence is directly proportional to temperature<br />12. b - heparin<br />13. d - fluoride<br />14. b - antecubital fossa<br />15. b - antecubital fossa<br />16. b - 20 to 22<br />17. a - Beer Lamvert's Law<br />18. a - burner assembly<br />19. c - spectrophotometry<br />20. a - light given off by excited atoms<br />21. a - absorbance<br />22. d - freezing point depression<br />23. b - fluorescence<br />24. a - hollow cathode lamp<br />25. c - charged particles<br />26. e - read out errors of cuvette and sprectro<br />27. a - didymium and lithium<br />28. a - aspirator, atomizer, flame<br />29. d-volumetric flask<br />30. b - solid and liquid preparations<br />31. d - liters<br />32. e - not in the list (NIL)<br />33. a - negative to positive<br />34. b - the inviolvement of solvent and solute<br />35. e - not in the list<br />36. b - the substance to be measured should be hydrated<br /><br />Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5280128690842732495.post-40846478166789560812017-08-20T21:26:00.000-07:002017-08-20T22:16:52.128-07:00Review Questions on Instrumentation and Venipuncture for Clinical Chemistry1. Particulate formation is a problem in analysis of:<br />
a. ultraviolet spectrophotometry d. flame photometry<br />
b. fluorescence e. NIL<br />
c. atomic absorption<br />
<br />
2. For photometric measurements below 320 mu, the cuvette must be:<br />
a. quartz d. NaCl<br />
b. tungsten glass e. Pyrex glass<br />
c. borosilicate glass<br />
<br />
3. Nephelometry is used to measure:<br />
a. ultraviolet absorbing material<br />
b. infrared absorbing material<br />
c. particles<br />
d. colored solutions<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
4. The gram-molecular weight per liter of solution is:<br />
a. Molarity c. Normality e. NIL<br />
b. Molality d. Percent<br />
<br />
5. It involves the preparation of a weaker solution from a stronger solution:<br />
a. serial dilution c. dilution e. NIL<br />
b. percent d. gravimetry<br />
<br />
6. To solve for the dilution of a solution, you have to:<br />
a. multiply all the number of parts of the diluent with the original concentration<br />
b. add the number of parts of the solute and the solvent<br />
c. add all the numerators and denominators<br />
d. add all the volumes and multiply by the original concentration<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
7. Which of the following formula correctly describes the relationship between absorbance and % T ?<br />
a. A= 2- log % T c. A= - log T<br />
b. A = log 1/T d. all of the above<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
8. A chopper is used in a dual beam spectrophotometer in order to:<br />
a. reduce the number of moving parts<br />
b. facilitate wavelength scanning<br />
c. obviate the need for matched detectors<br />
d. reduce stray light<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
9. The reagent blank corrects for absorbance caused by:<br />
a. the color of reagents<br />
b. sample turbidity<br />
c. bilirubin and hemolysis<br />
d. all of the above<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
10. Which instrument requires a primary and secondary monochromator?<br />
a. flame photometer<br />
b. atomic absorption<br />
c. fluorometer<br />
d. nephelometer<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
11. All of the following statements about fluorometry are true, except:<br />
a. fluorometry is more sensitive than spectrophotometry<br />
b. both excitation and emission spectra are characteristics of the analyte<br />
c. fluorescence is directly proportional to temperature<br />
d. unsaturated cyclic molecules are often fluorescent<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
12. The ideal anticoagulant because of its natural presence in the blood:<br />
a. citrate c. oxalate e. NIL<br />
b. heparin d. fluoride<br />
<br />
13. The anticoagulant of choice for glucose because it serves as preservative :<br />
Select from the above choices<br />
<br />
14. The most common site of venipuncture:<br />
a. wrist veins c. ankle veins e. NIL<br />
b. antecubital fossa d. cubital veins<br />
<br />
15. The following are sites of arterial puncture, except:<br />
a. radial c. brachial e. NIL<br />
b. antecubital fossa d. femoral<br />
<br />
16. The ideal gauge of needle for venipuncture is:<br />
a. 22- 25 c. 21-23 e. NIL<br />
b. 20-22 d. 18-20<br />
<br />
17. It is the law applied to spectrophotometry:<br />
a. Beer-Lambert’s Law c. Kirchoff’s Law<br />
b. Newton’s Law d. Absorptivity Coeffecient<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
18. The following are basic components of the spectrophotometer, except;<br />
a. burner assembly c. cuvette e. NIL<br />
b. monochomator d. exit slit<br />
<br />
19. The more light absorbed, the higher the concentration of analyte in this technique of measuring the amount of light absorbed by a solution:<br />
a. atomic absorption d. fluorometry <br />
b. nephelometry e. NIL<br />
c. spectrophotometry <br />
<br />
20. The basis of EFP is the measurement of:<br />
a. light given off by excited atoms<br />
b. light absorbed at wavelength of resonance line by dissociated atoms<br />
c. energy emitted by ultraviolet treated atoms<br />
d. energy emitted by infrared treated atoms<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
21. 2- log T is a definition of (T= transmission):<br />
a. absorbance d. electron density e. NIL<br />
b. ionic strength e. electrophoretic density<br />
<br />
22.In Osmometry, concentration of substance can be measured by:<br />
a. colorimetry d. freezing point depression<br />
b. appropriate filters e. NIL<br />
c. ionized atoms<br />
<br />
23.Quenching is a problem in analysis of:<br />
a. ultraviolet spectrophotometry d. flame photometry<br />
b. fluorescence e. NIL<br />
c. atomic absorption<br />
<br />
24. For AAS measurements the light source is usually the:<br />
a. hollow cathode lamp d. Tungsten light bulb<br />
b. Deuterium lamp e. NIL<br />
c. halogen lamp<br />
<br />
25.Electrophoresis is used to measure :<br />
a. ultraviolet substances e. NIL<br />
b. infrared absorbing materials<br />
c. charged particles<br />
d. colored solutions<br />
<br />
26.The water blank corrects for absorbance caused by:<br />
a. the color of reagents e. NIL<br />
b. sample turbidity<br />
c. bilirubin and hemolysis<br />
d. all of the above<br />
<br />
27. The internal standards in EFP, are:<br />
a. Didymium and lithium<br />
b. Cesium and lithium<br />
c. Potassium and didymium<br />
d. Cesium and didymium<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
28. The parts of the burner assembly are the following:<br />
a. Aspirator, atomizer, flame<br />
b. Aspirator, ionizer, flame<br />
c. Atomizer, emitter, flame<br />
d. Atomizer, ionizer, flame<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
29. The most accurate vessel in volumetric measurements is the:<br />
a. Erlenmeyer flask<br />
b. Graduated cylinder<br />
c. Serological pipette<br />
d. Volumetric flask<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
30. Volumetric measurements are generally used in:<br />
a. Liquid preparations only<br />
b. Solid and liquid preparations<br />
c. Solid preparations only<br />
d. AIL<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
31. The unit of volume in volumetric measurements is:<br />
a. Deciliter<br />
b. Micriolter<br />
c. Milliliter<br />
d. Liter<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
32. In electrophoresis, the basis of separation are the following, EXCEPT:<br />
a. Charges of ions<br />
b. Electrophoretic media<br />
c. Net charge of particles<br />
d. Concentration of ions<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
33. The movement of ions in electrophoresis is from:<br />
a. Negative to positive<br />
b. Positive to negative<br />
c. Negative to negative<br />
d. Positive to positive<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
34. The principle of chromatography is:<br />
a. The movement of charged particles in an electric field<br />
b. The involvement the solute and solvent <br />
c. The measurement of emitted light<br />
d. The excitation of ions in solution<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
35. Chromatography is affected by the following factors, EXCEPT:<br />
a. Density of particles in solution<br />
b. Size of particle<br />
c. Affinity of particles to chromatographic media<br />
d. pH<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
36. The following precautions are observed in Gravimetry, EXCEPT:<br />
a. The balance should be adjusted to zero<br />
b. The substance to be measured should be hydrated<br />
c. The substance should be uncontaminated<br />
d. The vessels used should be clean and dry<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
CLICK <a href="http://wwwclinchemreviewer.blogspot.com/2017/08/answers-to-review-questions-on.html" target="_blank">HERE FOR THE CORRECT ANSWERS</a><br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5280128690842732495.post-30347021239003916682017-08-19T20:03:00.001-07:002017-08-19T20:04:27.889-07:00Review Questions on Laboratory Mathematics Clinical Chemistry1. For you to be able to interpret a quality control chart, you must have these number of data:<br />
A. 20 control values C. 20 standard values<br />
B. 10 control values D.10 standard values<br />
E. NIL<br />
<br />
2. What is the Normality of a 3.6 M Sulfuric acid solution given the molecular weights?( H=1, S=32, O-16)<br />
a. 1.8 N b. 3.6N c. 4.9 N d. 7.2 N e. NIL<br />
<br />
3. .How many grams of HCL is used to prepare 250 ml of a 4.8 solution of HCL? (H-1, Cl-35.5)<br />
a. 36 G b. 36.5 g c. 40 g d. 43.8 g e. NIL<br />
<br />
4. What is the Molarity of a 2 .5 N solution of NaOH?<br />
a. 1.50 mol/l c. 3.35 mol/l e. NIL<br />
b. 2.5 mol/l d. 4.5 mol/l<br />
<br />
5. The molecular weight of H3 PO4 is:<br />
a. 48 c. 98 e. NIL<br />
b. 58.5 d. 98.1<br />
<br />
6. How many grams of NaCl are required to make 1,000 ml. of 0.3 M solution?<br />
a. 36.3 c. 26.32 e. NIL<br />
b. 52.6 d. 53<br />
<br />
7. What is the Molar concentration of a 20 grm. Of NaOH diluted to 1 liter of distilled water?<br />
a. 1 M c. 0.5 M e. NIL<br />
b. 2 M d. 1.5 M<br />
<br />
8. What is the amount of CaCl2.H2O in grams is needed to prepare 0.4 N solution of <br />
Ca Cl2?<br />
a. 8.8 c. 16 e. NIL<br />
b. 4 d. 32<br />
<br />
9. One milligram is equal to:<br />
a. 0.001 grm. c. 0.01 grm. e. NIL<br />
b. 0.0001 grm. d. 0.1 grm.<br />
<br />
10. A 10 mgs. % solution contains:<br />
a. 10 mgs of solute/100ml of solution<br />
b. 10 mgs of solute/100 ml of diluent <br />
c. 10 mgs of solute/1000 ml of diluent<br />
d. 10 mgs of solute/1000ml of solution<br />
e. NIL<br />
<br />
11. A 2 % solution of 10mg/100ml is diluted 1:100. What is the final concentration?<br />
a. 2 % c. 0.2 % e. NIL<br />
b. 0.02 % d. 0.002 %<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>ANSWERS WILL BE GIVEN NEXT WEEK.</b><br />
<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5280128690842732495.post-70497099104285077592017-06-28T03:19:00.005-07:002017-06-28T03:19:51.632-07:00ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE DETERMINATION Review Questions and Answers<br /><span style="color: red;"><b>1. State the principle of the test.</b></span><br /><br />AST in the serum catalyzes the transfer of an amino acid group to a keto acid group to form oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. This is measured spectrophotometrically at 505-535 nanometers.<br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>2. Name sources of error in this method.</b></span><br /><br />Hemolyzed serum will increase values 10-15 X<br />Turbid, lipemic and icteric serum needs serum blanking for accuracy<br />Altered temperatures could either increase nor decrease values<br />Prolonged or shortened incubation time at specified conditions could increase or decrease values respectively<br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>3. What is the purpose of allowing the reagents to come to room temperature.</b></span><br /><br />The purpose is to allow the reagents to inactivate the reagents so that they could react properly.<br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>4. Differentiate AST from ALT. Cite specific differences.</b></span><br /><br /><b>CRITERIA AST ALT</b><br />Substrate L-aspartate & alpha-ketoglutarate L-alanine & alpha-ketoglutarate<br />Old name SGOT SGPT<br />One of the end products oxaloacetate Pyruvate<br />Amount in inside serum 10-15 times 5-8 times<br />Major clinical significance heart Liver<br /> <br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>5. What is the component of the SGOT substrate?</b></span><br /><br />L- aspartate and alpha-ketoglutarate<br /><br />
<br />
<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5280128690842732495.post-44516873738086736312017-06-25T17:19:00.001-07:002017-06-25T17:19:04.988-07:00Answers to Normality and Molarity Review QuestionsSolving the Normality and Molarity of solutions is quite easy by remembering the relationship of Normality to Molarity.<br />
<br />
1. Normality may be equal but is always greater than the Molarity in the same solution.<br />
<br />
2. If the valence is 1, Normality is equal to Molarity.<br />
<br />
Try solving these problems. Atomic weights: Na = 23; Cl = 35.5, H = 1, Ca = 40, Valences: Ca = 2, NaCl = 1, HCl = 1.<br />
<br />
<b><span style="color: red;">1. If you have dissolved 20 grams of sodium chloride in 1.5 Liter of distilled water, what is the:</span></b><br />
<b><span style="color: red;">1.1. Normality</span></b><br />
<br />
You have to remember that Normality is the Gram Equivalent Weight of substances. Hence, valence is involved. The formula would be:<br />
<br />
N = W/GEW/Liter of solution<br />
GEW = W/MW/valence<br />
<br />
So, you have to solve first the MW (sum of atomic weights); <br />
MW = 23 (Na) + 35.5 (Cl) = 58.5<br />
<br />
Thus, substituting the values: GEW = 20/58.5/1<br />
<br />
GEW = 0.3418803<br />
<br />
N = GEW/Liter of solution<br />
N = 0.3418803/1.5<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><b>N = 0.2279202</b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><b>Where:</b></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><b>N - Normality</b></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><b>W = weight of substance</b></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><b>GEW = Gram Equivalent Weight</b></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><b>MW = Molecular Weight</b></span><br />
<span style="color: blue;"><b>M = Molarity </b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><b>1.2. Molarity</b></span><br />
<br />
Since you already know the Normality of the solution, you can make use of the short-cut formula, which is:<br />
<br />
M = N/valence<br />
<br />
Thus, substituting the values:<br />
<br />
M = 0.2279202 x 1 <br />
<span style="color: blue;"><b>M = 0.2279202</b></span><br />
<br />
The answer is the same. This follows the rule: If the valence is 1, Normality is equivalent to Molarity.<br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><b>1.3. Percent solution</b></span><br />
<br />
You don’t usually need the molecular weights when solving percent solutions. You could use the general formula: <br />
<br />
% = weight/total volume x 100<br />
<br />
NOTE:<br />
<br />
In solving for percent solutions, you have to convert the volume to milliliters. So,<br />
<br />
1.5 Liters x 1000 mL/1 Liter = 1, 500 mL<br />
<br />
Hence:<br />
% = 20/1,500 x 100<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><b>% = 1.33333%</b></span><br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><b>2. What is the Molarity of 1 N Hydrochloric acid?</b></span><br />
<br />
Again in this problem, since you know the Normality, make use of the short-cut formula:<br />
Thus:<br />
<br />
M = N/valence<br />
M = 1/1<br />
<span style="color: blue;"><b> M = 1</b></span><br />
<br />
Again: If the valence is 1, Normality is equivalent to Molarity. <br />
<br />
<span style="color: red;"><b>3. What is the Normality of 0.8 M calcium chloride?</b></span><br />
<br />
Use the short-cut formula:<br />
N = M x valence<br />
N = 0.8 x 2<br />
N = 1.6<br />
<br />
<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5280128690842732495.post-23062126242091862012017-06-25T16:43:00.001-07:002017-06-25T16:43:24.573-07:00ALANINE AMINOTRANSFERASE (ALT) DETERMINATION Questions and Answers<br /><span style="color: red;"><b>1. Discuss the principle of the method.</b></span><br /><br />ALT in the serum catalyzes the transfer of an amino acid group to a keto acid group to form pyruvate and L-glutamate. This is measured spectrophotometrically at 505-535 nanometers.<br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>2. Aside from sodium hydroxide, what reagent could also be used to alkalinize the solution?</b></span><br /><br />Potassium hydroxide<br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>3. Why should the distilled water used in dissolving your NaOH pellets be CO2 free?</b></span><br /><br />Because carbon dioxide can affect the transfer of the amino group to the keto acid group due to its carbon content. The carbon atom may act as an acceptor molecule in the reaction. This would falsely decrease your values.<br /><br /><span style="color: red;"><b>4. Why do we use a semi-log graphing paper in plotting your calibration curve?</b></span><br /><br />Because the it is simpler to use since the graphing paper will find the logarithms of the values beforehand. <br /><br />
<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5280128690842732495.post-70412536227778810552017-06-24T19:55:00.001-07:002017-06-25T17:20:24.923-07:00How to Solve Normality and Molarity of SolutionsSolving the Normality and Molarity of solutions is quite easy by remembering the relationship of Normality to Molarity.<br />
<br />
1. Normality may be equal but is always greater than the Molarity in the same solution.<br />
<br />
2. If the valence is 1, Normality is equal to Molarity.<br />
<br />
Try solving these problems. Atomic weights: Na = 23; Cl = 35.5, H = 1, Ca = 40, Valences: Ca = 2, NaCl = 1, HCl = 1.<br />
<br />
1. If you have dissolved 20 grams of sodium chloride in 1.5 Liter of distilled water, what is the:<br />
<br />
1.1. Normality<br />
1.2. Molarity<br />
1.3. Percent solution<br />
<br />
2. What is the Molarity of 1 N Hydrochloric acid?<br />
<br />
3. What is the Normality of 0.8 M calcium chloride?<br />
<br />
CLICK <a href="http://wwwclinchemreviewer.blogspot.com/2017/06/answers-to-normality-and-molarity.html" target="_blank">HERE FOR THE ANSWERS.</a><br />
<br />
<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5280128690842732495.post-17678551135280181602017-06-23T05:26:00.002-07:002017-06-23T05:26:24.140-07:00CLINICAL CHEMISTRY 2 DIAGNOSTIC QUIZ <b>MATCHING TYPE: </b><br />
<br />
<i><b>MATCH COLUMN B WITH COLUMN A </b></i><br />
<br />
<b>COLUMN A (SUBSTANCE) </b><br />
<br />
1. GLUCOSE <br />
2. CHOLESTEROL <br />
3. TAG <br />
4. BUA <br />
5. CREATININE <br />
6. BUN <br />
7. HDL <br />
8. TB H. <br />
9. B1 <br />
10. B2 <br />
<br />
<b>COLUMN B (CONVERSION FACTOR TO S.I.) </b><br />
<br />
A. 0.357<br />
B. 0.113<br />
C. 0.01128<br />
D. 0.0258<br />
E. 0.059<br />
F. 0.0555<br />
G. 0.1357<br />
H..88.4<br />
I. 0.555<br />
J. 0.0359<br />
K. 17.1<br />
<br />
<br />
ESSAY: <br />
<br />
1. DISCUSS THE PREPARATION OF ALKALINE PICRATE.
<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5280128690842732495.post-74742661659474226112016-05-09T22:42:00.001-07:002016-05-09T22:42:28.812-07:00Answers to Thyroid Function Test, Case Analysis 4<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CASE ANALYSIS 4</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">AN APPARENTLY HEALTHY
33 YR-OLD WOMAN UNDERGOES THYROID TESTING WITH THE FOLLOWING RESULTS:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>FT4 = 1.2 ng/dL, s-TSH = 15 uU/mL.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>NO GOITER OR ANY OTHER ABNORMALITY IS NOTED.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>THE PHYSICIAN IS CONCERNED, BUT DECIDES TO
FOLLOW THE PATIENT FOR EVERY SIX MONTHS.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>SIX MONTHS LATER THE PATIENT’S FT4= 1.1 ng/dL, s –TSH = 25 uU/mL.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">QUESTIONS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>WHAT CLINICAL STATE IS THE PATIENT APPARENTLY
EXHIBITING? DEFEND YOUR ANSWER?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Secondary
or tertiary hypothyroidism.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>WHY IS THERE CONCERN OVER THESE RESULTS?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There
may<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>be dysfunction in the anterior
pituitary.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>WHY WOULD MOST LABORATORY THYROID TESTS NOT
BE USEFUL IN THIS CASE?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Because
the master gland is affected.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>WHAT LABORATORY TEST WOULD BE USEFUL? WHY?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Stimulation
tests because it would determine what particular organ is dysfunctional.</span></div>
<br />
<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5280128690842732495.post-29582884984054910532016-05-09T22:38:00.001-07:002016-05-09T22:43:47.358-07:00Thyroid Function Test, Case Analysis<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CASE ANALYSIS 4</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">AN APPARENTLY HEALTHY
33 YR-OLD WOMAN UNDERGOES THYROID TESTING WITH THE FOLLOWING RESULTS:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>FT4 = 1.2 ng/dL, s-TSH = 15 uU/mL.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>NO GOITER OR ANY OTHER ABNORMALITY IS NOTED.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>THE PHYSICIAN IS CONCERNED, BUT DECIDES TO FOLLOW
THE PATIENT FOR EVERY SIX MONTHS.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SIX
MONTHS LATER THE PATIENT’S FT4= 1.1 ng/dL, s –TSH = 25 uU/mL.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">QUESTIONS</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>WHAT CLINICAL STATE IS THE PATIENT APPARENTLY
EXHIBITING? DEFEND YOUR ANSWER?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>WHY IS THERE CONCERN OVER THESE RESULTS?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>WHY WOULD MOST LABORATORY THYROID TESTS NOT
BE USEFUL IN THIS CASE?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>WHAT LABORATORY TEST WOULD BE USEFUL? WHY?</span></div>
<br />
CHECK<a href="http://wwwclinchemreviewer.blogspot.com/2016/05/answers-to-thyroid-function-test-case.html" target="_blank"> ANSWERS HERE</a><br />
<br />
<div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5280128690842732495.post-74911613833101417892016-04-16T03:50:00.002-07:002016-04-16T03:50:35.865-07:00Answers to Thyroid Function Test (TFT), Case Analysis 3
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CASE ANALYSIS 3</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A 59 YEAR OLD MAN WHO
HAS BEEN DIAGNOSED WITH ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME SHOWED SYMPTOMS OF
HYPOTHERMIA, COOLNESS IN THE EXTREMITIES, DECREASED BLOOD PRESSURE AND PULSE,
FATIGUE, AND DELAY IN REFLEX TIME.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
THYROID PROFILE WAS ORDERED WITH THE FOLLOWING RESULTS:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LABORATORY FINDINGS</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">FT4 = 4.0</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">s.-TSH = 1.0 uU/mL</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">QUESTIONS</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>FROM THE CASE HISTORY AND THE LABORATORY
DATA, WHAT IS A LIKELY DIAGNOSIS?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Possibly
euthyroidism or hypothyroidism, but since s-TSH is normal, it might be
borderline case or a physiological factor is present.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>WHAT ADDITIONAL LABORATORY TEST/S WOULD BE
APPROPRIATE?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">FT3, TT3,
Stimulation tests, TBG, or perform a delta check (repeat tests)</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>WHAT ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CONCERNING THE
PATIENT WOULD BE HELPFUL IN INTERPRETING RESULTS?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Patient’s
history, surgical procedures done, drugs taken</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>IS TREATMENT FOR THYROID DISORDER INDICATED?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Observe
first for a few weeks and wait for additional tests and delta checks.</span></div>
<br />
<br />
<div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5280128690842732495.post-47158213845911801202016-04-16T03:47:00.001-07:002016-04-16T04:52:55.595-07:00Thyroid Function Test TFT), Case Analysis 3 <br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CASE ANALYSIS 3</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">A 59 YEAR OLD MAN WHO
HAS BEEN DIAGNOSED WITH ACUTE RESPIRATORY DISTRESS SYNDROME SHOWED SYMPTOMS OF
HYPOTHERMIA, COOLNESS IN THE EXTREMITIES, DECREASED BLOOD PRESSURE AND PULSE,
FATIGUE, AND DELAY IN REFLEX TIME.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>A
THYROID PROFILE WAS ORDERED WITH THE FOLLOWING RESULTS:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LABORATORY FINDINGS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">FT4 = 4.0</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">s.-TSH = 1.0 uU/mL</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">QUESTIONS</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .25in;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>FROM THE CASE HISTORY AND THE LABORATORY
DATA, WHAT IS A LIKELY DIAGNOSIS?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>WHAT ADDITIONAL LABORATORY TEST/S WOULD BE
APPROPRIATE?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>WHAT ADDITIONAL INFORMATION CONCERNING THE
PATIENT WOULD BE HELPFUL IN INTERPRETING RESULTS?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>IS TREATMENT FOR THYROID DISORDER INDICATED?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><br /></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></div>
<br />
FOR TFT <a href="http://wwwclinchemreviewer.blogspot.com/2016/04/answers-to-thyroid-function-test-tft.html" target="_blank">CASE ANALYSIS ANSWERS CLICK HERE</a>.<br />
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5280128690842732495.post-21793828841979960782016-04-11T02:11:00.001-07:002016-04-11T02:12:02.638-07:00Answers to Thyroid Function Case Analysis 2 - Questions
<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TFT CASE ANALYSIS 2</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. A 41 YR OLD WOMAN
COMPLAINED OF INCREASED SWEATING OVER THE PREVIOUS 3 MONTHS.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SHE ALSO STATED THAT SHE ALWAYS SEEMED
NERVOUS AND HAD HEART PALPITATIONS AND HEAT INTOLERANCE.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SHE LOST 12 POUNDS OVER THE PAST 3 WEEKS AND
HAD NONCRAMPING DIARRHEA.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ON
EXAMINATION, HER SKIN WAS WARM AND MOIST, SHE HAD A PROMINENT STARE, AND SHE
HAD TACHYCARDIA AT 140 BEATS PER MINUTE.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>HER THYROID GLAND WAS DIFFUSELY ENLARGED WITH A SUGGESTION OF
NODULARITY.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LABORATORY FINDINGS</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TT4 = 21.2 ug/dL ( 273
nmol/L)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">THBR RATIO = 2.0</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">s-TSH = NONE DETECTED</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">FT4I = 42.4 ng/dL ( 546
pmol/L)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">QUESTIONS</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. WHAT IS THE MOST
PROBABLE CAUSE OF THESE SYMPTOMS AND LABORATORY RESULTS?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Hyperthyroidism
with goiter</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>WHAT ADDITIONAL LABORATORY TESTING WOULD BE
HELPFUL IN CONFIRMING THE DIAGNOSIS?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TT3
and FT3</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE s- TSH TEST?</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">It
is the most sensitive test to confirm hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>WHAT CAUSES THE DISORDER?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Insufficient
Iodine in the diet, dysfunctional thyroid gland</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5280128690842732495.post-7303480013874517932016-04-11T02:08:00.003-07:002016-04-11T02:13:30.674-07:00Thyroid Function Case Analysis 2 - Questions<br />
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CASE ANALYSIS 2</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. A 41 YR OLD WOMAN
COMPLAINED OF INCREASED SWEATING OVER THE PREVIOUS 3 MONTHS.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SHE ALSO STATED THAT SHE ALWAYS SEEMED
NERVOUS AND HAD HEART PALPITATIONS AND HEAT INTOLERANCE.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SHE LOST 12 POUNDS OVER THE PAST 3 WEEKS AND
HAD NONCRAMPING DIARRHEA.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ON
EXAMINATION, HER SKIN WAS WARM AND MOIST, SHE HAD A PROMINENT STARE, AND SHE
HAD TACHYCARDIA AT 140 BEATS PER MINUTE.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>HER THYROID GLAND WAS DIFFUSELY ENLARGED WITH A SUGGESTION OF
NODULARITY.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">LABORATORY FINDINGS</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TT4 = 21.2 ug/dL ( 273
nmol/L)</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">THBR RATIO = 2.0</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">s-TSH = NONE DETECTED</span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">FT4I = 42.4 ng/dL ( 546
pmol/L)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">QUESTIONS</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1. WHAT IS THE MOST
PROBABLE CAUSE OF THESE SYMPTOMS AND LABORATORY RESULTS?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">2.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>WHAT ADDITIONAL LABORATORY TESTING WOULD BE
HELPFUL IN CONFIRMING THE DIAGNOSIS?</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list .5in; text-indent: -.25in;">
<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF THE s- TSH TEST?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">4.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>WHAT CAUSES THE DISORDER?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">CLICK <a href="http://wwwclinchemreviewer.blogspot.com/2016/04/answers-to-thyroid-function-case.html" target="_blank">HERE FOR ANSWERS TO TFT CASE ANALYSIS 2</a>. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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Unknownnoreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-5280128690842732495.post-48278791655538761552016-04-09T02:03:00.001-07:002016-04-09T02:03:12.627-07:00Answers to Thyroid Function Test Case Analysis<br />
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ANSWERS - CASE ANALYSIS 1</span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Given results of patient:</span></b></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Patient<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Reference </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">T4, Total (S) 7.0
ug/dl<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>5 - 11.5 </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">T3 resin uptake (S) <b>19%</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>25 - 35 </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">T3, Total (S) 134
ng/dl<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>100 - 215 </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Free thyroxine index
(FTI) <b>4.3</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>6 - 11.5 </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">TSH (S) <b>22.0</b>
uU/ml<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>0.7 -
7.0 </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Antithyroglobulin Ab. <b>Pos.
(1:640)</b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Neg. Antimicrosomal Ab. <b>Pos.
(1:5120)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></b><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Neg. Cholesterol (S) 230 mg/dl<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>140 - 225 </span></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "arial" , "sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">(S = analyzed in serum
specimens)</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="color: red; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS:</span></b></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">What
does the low T3Uptake mean?</span><br />
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">There are
many TBG with active present in the sample.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">How
would you interpret the results?</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast">
<span lang="EN-US" style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
patient may be a pregnant woman suffering from hypothyroidism. The RT3U is low
indicating increased TBG, which could be seen in pregnancy. The increased TSH
could indicate hypothyroidism, because TSH acts as a confirmatory test for
thyroid function.</span><br />
<br />
</div>
<div>
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