QUIZ ON INSTRUMENTATION

The graduated cylinder

1. Visible spectrum in the Electromagnetic Radiation
a. 180 nm
b. 390 nm
c. 800 nm
d. More than 400,000 nm
e. None of the above
2. Measures light emitted by single atoms in a flame
a. Spectrophotometer
b. Flame photometer
c. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer
d. Fluorometer
e. None of the above
3. In Beer-lambert’s law, the concentration of a substance is directly proportional to the to the amount of light absorbed or inversely proportional to the to the logarithm of transmitted light.
a. True
b. False

Choices for numbers 4- 8:
a. Exciter lamp
b. Entrance slit
c. monochromator
d. Cuvette
e. Photodetector
f. Exit slit

4. Reduces the stray light and prevents the entry of scattered light
5. Produces light of specific wavelength
6. Provides electromagnetic radiation
7. Holds the solution of which the absorption is to be measured
8. Uses photosensitive material that release electrons when exposed to light energy

9. Type of cuvette used for acidic solutions
a. Soft glass
b. Plastic
c. Borosilicate
d. Quartz
e. Any of the above

10. Most widely used lamp for spectrophotometer
a. Halogen lamp
b. Xenon lamp
c. Mercury lamp
d. Hydrogen lamp
e. All of the above

Given for numbers 11-15:

Calcium determination
Given:
Abs of Unknown: 0.11
Abs of Standard: 0.15
Concentration of Std: 10 mg/dL
wl= 540 nm
N.V. = 2.35-2.75

11. What is the concentration of calcium in mg/dL
12. What is the concentration in mmol/L
13. specific type of light used for plasma Calcium reading
14. Is the obtained value normal?
15. What maybe the reason of abnormal results?

CHOICES FOR NUMBERS 16- 30

Type/s of error committed
A. random error
B. systematic error
C. both
D. none

16. mispipetting
17. expired reagent
18. prolonged incubation
19. mislabelling
20. unstable light source
21. inappropriate separation of serum
22. serum preserved at refrigerated temperatures
23. wet test tubes
24. hemolyzed serum
25. violation of 1(3s)
26. violation of 2(2s)
27. violation of 4(1s)
28. violation of 10X
29. violation of R(4s)
30. inaccurate recording of results

ANSWERS WILL BE POSTED NEXT WEEK. (JULY 30, 2008)

INSTRUMENTATION QUIZ

1. It is migration of charged solutes or particles in an electric field.
2. Refers to the migration of small ions, whereas zone electrophoresis is the migration of charged macromolecules in a porous support medium such as paper, cellulose acetate, or agarose gel film.
3. It is the result of zone electrophoresis and consists of sharply separated zones of a macromolecule (i.e Proteins in Serum, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and other biologic body fluids and erythrocytes and tissues are the macromolecules of interest in a clinical laboratory)
4. Refers to the migration of charged macromolecules in a porous support medium
5. Earliest medium used; fragile and could easily be damaged; staining were variable due to the different composition of paper
6. Larger samples could be used because of the thick slab created; fragile and perishable
7. A strip composed of a clear plastic backing with a coating of cellulose acetate; size structure of particles can be controlled; can make permanent records; greater resolution and faster separation; when dried materials becomes extremely brittle
8. Derivative of agar; electrically neutral thus no interaction with the sample; relatively porous making separation solely on electric charge; staining and de-staining can be easily done with dilute acetic acid
9. Utlizes protein size as a major factor in the separation process, produces more detailed patterns; highly complex in its preparation
10. Substances being tested in electrophoresis


EMISSION FLAME PHOTOMETRY

1. Method for detection of metal salts, principally Na, K, Li, Ca, Ba.
2. The process incorporated here is atomization or nebulization
3. Most employed burner in flame photometry
4. Measures the intensity of the emitted light
5. Tested substance in flame photometry
6-10 Give five sources of errors

FLUOROMETRY

1. & 2. Give the two most frequently used sources of excitation radiant energy
3. Lamps that are seldom used because they release little energy in the ultraviolet region.
4. Placed between the radiation source and the sample, selects the wavelength that is best absorbed by the solution to be measured
5. Physical energy that occurs when certain compounds absorb EMR
6. Transcribe EMR
7. Use grafting, prisms, or filters for isolation of incident radiation
8. & 9. Two types of fluorescent spectrum
10. Involves the interaction of light with a chemical compound


SPECTROPHOTOMETER

1. A photometer that can measure intensity as a function of the color, or more specifically, the wavelength of light
2. Used to set the display to a 0%T readout when sample compartment is empty and the adopter cover is closed.
3. Selects the desired analytical wavelength
4. Sets the display to 100%T when a cuvet containing a blank reference solution is inserted in the sample compartment
5. Displays the wavelength and the data readings.
6. This mode selects the transmittance, absorbance, concentration, or factor mode
7. Relationship between absorption of light by a solution and the concentration of that solution has been described by ____________
8. Converts transmitted radiant energy into an equivalent amount of electrical energy.
9. Refers to the wavelength outside the band transmitted by the monochromator
10. type of absorption that spectrophotometer use to measure concentration by detecting absorption of electromagnetic radiation by atoms rather than by molecules.

TURBIDIMETRY AND NEPHELOMETRY

1. Measures the amount of light blocked by particulate matter as light passes through the cuvette
2. Transcribe LASER.
3. Used to quantitatE antigen by analyzing increase in turbidity, as measured by increasing scatter of laser light
4. Obtains uniform scattering of particles and minimizes sample heating.
5. Substance being tested in nephelometry.