QUIZ FOR CPK AND LDH

ESSAY:

1. DISCUSS THE MOST COMMON METHOD FOR ISOENZYME DETERMINATION FOR CPK AND LDH.

1.1. Illustrate the electrophoretic mobility of each isoenzyme.
1.2. How is the concentration measured afterwards?

2. WHAT ARE THE ISOENZYMES OF ALP? DISCUSS THE CHARACTERISTIC AND METHODS OF MEASUREMENT OF EACH ENZYME.

3. DISCUSS THE PRINCIPLES OF ENZYME DATA INTERPRETATION.

4. OUTLINE ACP AND ALP IN YOUR LECTURE NOTEBOOKS.


ANSWERS WILL BE POSTED NEXT WEEK.

Pointers for Prelim Exams

Photo by ccarlstead


DON'T FORGET TO BRING THE FOLLOWING:

1. YOUR OWN CALCULATORS
2. BLACK PEN
3. GREEN HIGHLIGHTER
4. PENCIL WITH ERASER
5. PERMITS


COME IN COMPLETE UNIFORM

Blood Gas Analysis - Review Questions

Name: Clinical Chemistry 2 -Blood Gas Analysis

Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.
T F	1.	Blood Gas Analysis is considered a routine test in clinical laboratories . This is because it is related to several common diseases.
T F	2.	Partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) measurements determines the ability of the lungs to “oxygenate” the body.
T F	3.	When computing for the pH values, carbonic acid is considered as dissolved carbon dioxide.
T F	4.	The normal pH of arterial blood ranges from, 7.45-7.55.
T F	5.	The normal ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate is 1:20.
T F	6.	Respiratory alkalosis is usually demonstrated by increased blood bicarbonate levels.
T F	7.	Hyperventilation causes acidosis because of the rapid excretion of carbon dioxide.
T F	8.	When there is respirtory alkalosis, the kidneys will respond by increasing the exretion of bicarbonates.
T F	9.	The best specimen for Blood Gas Analysis is heparinized blood.
T F	10.	The lungs and the kidneys are the organs involved in maintaining normal blood pH.
Matching
		a. respiratory alkalosis e. all of the above b. respiratory acidosis f. none of the above c. metabolic alkalosis g. a & b only d. metabolic acidosis h. c & d only
A B C D E F G H	11.	diarrhea
A B C D E F G H	12.	bronchial asthma
A B C D E F G H	13.	polyuria
A B C D E F G H	14.	hypoventilation
A B C D E F G H	15.	strenuous exercise
A B C D E F G H	16.	carbon dioxide is involved
A B C D E F G H	17.	bicarbonate is involved
A B C D E F G H	18.	pH is 8.5 with a HCO3 value as 23 mmol/L
Problem
	19.	A 20 year old female patient was admitted to the emergency ward. She complained of nausea, vomitting and polyuria. Her laboratory results were: Hemoglobin - 13 mg/dL White blood cells - 6,245 /cumm FBS - 70 mg/dL BUA - 3 mg/dL BUN - 15 mg/dL Serum creatinine - 1.2 mg/dL TAG - 140 mg/dL Cholesterol - 200 mg/dL pCO2 - 38 mmHg HCO3- 15 mmol/L Answer the following questions: 1. What is the acid base status of the patient? 2. What are the abnormal results in her laboratory tests? 3. What is the pH of the blood? 4. What further tests can be performed?
Essay
	20.	Discuss the compensatory mechanism of the body when there is metabolic alkalosis.

Medical Technology Board Exam Results For September 2008

FOR THE
RESULTS OF THE MEDICAL TECHOLOGY BOARD EXAMS FOR SEPTEMBER 2008, CLICK ON THIS LINK: PRC SITE .

GUIDE QUESTIONS - REPORTING

ELECTROPHORESIS

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Select the BEST answer

1. Most common support medium used in electrophoresis:
a. paper
b. starch gel
c. agarose
d. all of the above

2. The samples are separated into different adjacent zones and migrate at the same rate:
a. electrophoresis
b. isotachoporesis
c. iontophoresis
d. none of the above

3. This is a derivative of agar:
a. agarose gel
b. cellulose acetate
d. agaropressin
e. all of the above

4. This medium is thermostable :
a. acrylamide gel
b. agarose gel
c. cellulose acetate
d. all of the above

5. Stain that is used for serum proteins:
a. Ponceau S
b. Oil red O
c. ninhydrin
d. all of the above

6. Used to confirm the presence of antibodies to HIV:
a. western blot tech
b. southern blot tech
c. isoenzyme
d. All of the above

7. Used for pre-natal diagnosis of inborn errors:
a. southern blot
b. immunoelectrophoresis
c. ELISA
d. All of the above

8. Ampholyte molecule is also known as:
a. Zwitterion
b. isoelectric point
c. electrokinetic phenomenon
d. none of the above

9. Cutting the support medium into zones by means of suitable solvents such as basic buffers or weak alkali is:
a. elution
b. densitometry
c. EMIT
d. None of the above

10. What is the pH of the barbital (veronal) buffer?
a. 8.6
b. 9.5
c. 8.7
d. 10

ANSWERS:

1. A
2. B
3. A
4. A
5. A
6. A
7. A
8. A
9. A
10.A

GUIDE QUESTIONS - REPORTING - EFP

EMISSION FLAME PHOTOMETRY

Modified TRUE or FALSE:

WRITE: A if BOTH A & B statements are correct
B if BOTH A & B statements are incorrect
C if the FIRST statement is TRUE and the SECOND statement FALSE.
D if the FIRST statement is FALSE and the SECOND statement TRUE.

1. This is true of EMISSION FLAME PHOTOMETRY:(EFP)
A. Used in the detection of metal salts, principally Na, K, Cl, Ba, & Zn.
B. The unknown solution is aspirated into the flame.

2. This is true of Direct Method:
A. Simplest arrangement for measuring the intensity of the emitted light.
B. Direct measurement of analyte in unknown solution.

3. This is true of the internal standard for EFP:
A. cesium is the most commonly used standard
B. it requires more elaborate systems

4. True of EFP:
A. A small percentage of the atom is transformed to an excited state permanently
B. it is used in detection of metal salts

Enumeration:

5 - 7. Name 3 (three) reasons why EFP is commonly used:
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

Match Column A with Column B

8, calcium A. yellow
9. potassium B. violet
10. sodium C. red

ANSWERS:

1. D
2. A
3. D
4. D
5. less expensive
6. easier to perform
7. faster TAT (turn around time)
8. C
9. B
10. A

GUIDE QUESTIONS -REPORTING

FLUOROMETRY

1. What type of light is measured in fluorometry?
a. fluorescent light emitted by analyte
b. light blocked by analytes in solution
c. emitted light by analyte
d. none of the above

2. A substance that does not fluoresce could be conjugated with other substances that
fluoresce to measure its concentration. This is termed as:
a. quenching
b. coupling method
c. anistropy
d. none of the above

3. It utilizes diffraction gratings to isolate wavelength of interest:
a. filter fluorometers
b. spectrofluorometers
c. either
d. neither

4. The light source of a fluorometer emits light:
a. of a shorter wavelength
b. of a longer wavelength
c. either
d. neither

5. The loss of energy and fluoresence due to collision caused by higher temperature is called:
a. quenching
b. coupling
c. fluorescence
d. none of the above

6. Fluorometry is how many times sensitive than spectrophotometry?
a. 100
b. 1,000
c. 10,000
d. 10

7. The two types of monochromators in fluorometry are:
a. excitation and emission
b. excitation and absorption
c. absorption and emission
d. emission and flourescence

8. This type of fluorometry that utilizes a secondary perpendicular intensity in polarization:
a. laser scanning
b. anisotropy
c. time resloved fluorometry
d. resonant energy transfer

9. It is the aspect of fluorometry that has been adapted to increase information content in the assay readout.

Select from the choices for no. 8

10. Co-localization of less than 200 nanometers can be determined by light microscopy alone:
a. true
b. false


ANSWERS

1. A
2. B
3. B
4. B
5. A
6. B
7. B
8. A
9. B
10. C

REPORTING - GUIDE QUESTIONS

ULTRACENTRIFUGATION

1. These are two kinds of ultracentrifuges:
a. preparative and analytical ultracentrifuge
b. post-operative and pre-analytical ultracentrifuge
c. post-analytical and post-operative ultracentrifuge
d. none of the above

2. It is the unit used in ultracentrifugation:
a. Dalton’s unit
b. Svedberg’s unit
c. Newton’s unit
d. None of the above

3. The following are the rotors used in ultracentrifugation , EXCEPT:
a. zonal rotors
b. fixed angle rotors
c. swaying bucket rotors
d. none of the above

4. The following are the instruments used in turbidimetric measurements, EXCEPT:
a. ultracentrifuge
b. colorimeter
c. spectrophotometer
d. none of the above

5. In turbidimetry, the amount of light blocked by a suspension of particles depends not only on the concentration of the analyte but also in:
a. angle
b. size
c. wavelength
d. none of the above

6. It is the measurement of the amount of light scattered from the unknown solution :
a. ultracentrifugation
b. turbidimetry
c. nephelometry
d. none of the above

7. The range of angle used in nephelometry is:
a. 70 oC to 90oC
b. 90 oC to 180 oC
c. 70 oC to 180 oC
d. none of the above

8. It measures the amount of light blocked by particulate matter as light passes through the cuvette:
a. nephelometry
b. turbidimetry
c. ultracentrifugation
d. all of the above

9. Factors affecting nephelometry includes the following intrinsic factors , EXCEPT:
a. wavelength
b. size of the particle
c. incident light source, sample and photodetecting system must be at right angles to
each other
d. None of the above

10. Nephelometric measurements are similar to turbidimetric measurements :
a. true
b. false

ANSWERS:

1. A
2. B
3. C
4. A
5. B
6. C
7. A
8. B
9. C
10. A

INTSRUMENTATION: SUMMARY QUESTIONS (REPORTING)

CHROMATOGRAPHY:

1. _______________________ This refers to the group of techniques used to separate complex mistures on the basis of their physical interaction with the mobile and stationary phases.
2. ________________________ It is a measure of the degree of separation of solute bands relative to their bandwidths.
3._________________________ Enumerate two techniques by chromatographic bed shape
4._________________________
5._________________________ Enumerate the three physical state techniques of the mobile phase.
6._________________________
7._________________________
8._________________________ Give the three parameters measured in chromatography.
9._________________________
10.________________________


GRAVIMETRY, TITRIMETRY, VOLUMETRY & OSMOMETY

1. This method determines the number of moles of reagent required to react quantitatively with the substance being determined:
a. gravimetry
b. titrimetry
c. osmometry
d. volumetry

2. In this method the the titrant is introduced continuously and can perform without supervision:
a. manual modes of transmission
b. automated modes of transmission
c. automated modes of transmission
d. semi-automated modes of transmission

3. This is a device in automatic transfer of titrant that are highly reliable and do not require calibration.
a. persitaltic pumps
b. piston burettes
c. suction-stroke piston pumps
d. automatic pumps

4. These are the types of titration based on the formation of a complex between the titrant and the analyte.
a. redox titration
b. complexometric titration
c. acid base titration
d. ion titration

5. Method of analysis that has the potential for a precision of up to 0.1 %
a. gravimetry
b. volumetry
c. osmometry
d. nanometry

6. Most common method used in osmometry method of analysis
a. vapor pressure
b. freezing point deression
c. membrane osmometry
d. volumetric presure

7. It is the most accurate macro - quantitative method of anaylsis
a. volumetry
b. gravimetry
c. osmometry
d. titrimetry

8. Methods of osmometry that determines the concentration of osmotically active particles:
a. freezing point depression
b. vapor pressure osmometry
c. membrane osmometry
d. suction pump osmometry

9. This is a device in the automatic transfer of titrant that requires frequent calibration due to continual changes in the physical properties of the tunes utilized:
a. piston burettes
b. peristaltic pumps
c. suction -stroke piston pumps
d. air displacement pumps

10. In this method of analysis , dissolved solids and sugars in tissue specimens can be measured to diagnose pathologic conditions:
a. titrimetry
b. osmometry
c. volumetry
d. gravimetry

ANSWERS

1. Chromatography
2. Resolution
3. Column chromatography
4. Planar chromatography
5. Gas chromatography
6. Liquid chromatography
7. Supercritical fluid chromatography
8. catecholamines
9. sugars
10. drugs

MULTIPLE CHOICE:
1. A
2. B
3. B
4. B
5. B
6. B
7. B
8. B
9. B
10. B

Additional questions will be posted on Wednesday. /VBG

QUIZ ON INSTRUMENTATION

The graduated cylinder

1. Visible spectrum in the Electromagnetic Radiation
a. 180 nm
b. 390 nm
c. 800 nm
d. More than 400,000 nm
e. None of the above
2. Measures light emitted by single atoms in a flame
a. Spectrophotometer
b. Flame photometer
c. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer
d. Fluorometer
e. None of the above
3. In Beer-lambert’s law, the concentration of a substance is directly proportional to the to the amount of light absorbed or inversely proportional to the to the logarithm of transmitted light.
a. True
b. False

Choices for numbers 4- 8:
a. Exciter lamp
b. Entrance slit
c. monochromator
d. Cuvette
e. Photodetector
f. Exit slit

4. Reduces the stray light and prevents the entry of scattered light
5. Produces light of specific wavelength
6. Provides electromagnetic radiation
7. Holds the solution of which the absorption is to be measured
8. Uses photosensitive material that release electrons when exposed to light energy

9. Type of cuvette used for acidic solutions
a. Soft glass
b. Plastic
c. Borosilicate
d. Quartz
e. Any of the above

10. Most widely used lamp for spectrophotometer
a. Halogen lamp
b. Xenon lamp
c. Mercury lamp
d. Hydrogen lamp
e. All of the above

Given for numbers 11-15:

Calcium determination
Given:
Abs of Unknown: 0.11
Abs of Standard: 0.15
Concentration of Std: 10 mg/dL
wl= 540 nm
N.V. = 2.35-2.75

11. What is the concentration of calcium in mg/dL
12. What is the concentration in mmol/L
13. specific type of light used for plasma Calcium reading
14. Is the obtained value normal?
15. What maybe the reason of abnormal results?

CHOICES FOR NUMBERS 16- 30

Type/s of error committed
A. random error
B. systematic error
C. both
D. none

16. mispipetting
17. expired reagent
18. prolonged incubation
19. mislabelling
20. unstable light source
21. inappropriate separation of serum
22. serum preserved at refrigerated temperatures
23. wet test tubes
24. hemolyzed serum
25. violation of 1(3s)
26. violation of 2(2s)
27. violation of 4(1s)
28. violation of 10X
29. violation of R(4s)
30. inaccurate recording of results

ANSWERS WILL BE POSTED NEXT WEEK. (JULY 30, 2008)