ANSWERS TO THE PREVIOUS QUESTIONS on CLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

1._____ KIDNEYS____________________________ The major excretory organ responsible for drug excretion.

2._____ LIVER______________________________The major metabolic organ which converts drugs to their metabolites.
3._____ ALCOHOL___________________________ Give one substance that could cause an irreversible damage to the liver.
4.______ALBUMIN___________________________Major carrier protein of almost all drugs in the body.
5.______7.35-7.45____________________________The normal pH of blood.
6.______ACETALDEHYDE______________________The less toxic metabolite of ethanol, which is produced by the liver.
7.______SNAKE VENOM_______________________ Give one specific example of a natural poison.
8.______PAPAVER____________________________ Give the species of poppy that is toxic to man.
9.______TOXICODYNAMICS____________________ It is the term used to describe the reaction and metabolism of the drug inside the body..
10._____HALF-LIFE___________________________It is the time required for the concentration of a drug to go down to half of its original concentration.

Clinical Toxicology Questions

I. IDENTIFICATION/FILL IN THE BLANKS: ( 1 PT. EACH)

1.__________________________________________ The major excretory organ responsible for drug excretion.

2.__________________________________________The major metabolic organ which converts drugs to their metabolites.
3.__________________________________________ Give one substance that could cause an irreversible damage to the liver.
4.__________________________________________Major carrier protein of almost all drugs in the body.
5.__________________________________________The normal pH of blood.
6.__________________________________________The less toxic metabolite of ethanol, which is produced by the liver.
7.__________________________________________ Give one specific example of a natural poison.
8.__________________________________________ Give the species of poppy that is toxic to man.
9.__________________________________________ It is the term used to describe the reaction and metabolism of the drug inside the body..
10._________________________________________It is the time required for the concentration of a drug to go down to half of its original concentration.

Clinical Toxicology (Toxicodynamics and Toxicokinetics) Quiz

I. IDENTIFICATION:

1. & 2 ____________________________Identify the two roles of the target molecule.
2. _______________________________
3. _______________________________It is called tissue involution or internal elimination of dead cells.
4. ______________________________ This particular drug of abuse increases release and diminish uptake of norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine.
5. ______________________________ Transcribe DDT.
6. ______________________________ The term used to denote the cell or tissue that the drug has to act on.
7. ______________________________ Transcribe GABA.
8. ______________________________ This decreases hydrolysis of acetylcholine.
9. & 10______________________________ These type of drugs produce inhibitory
effect on the muscarinic receptors (M2 and M3). __________________________
11. ______________________________ They act on voltage-gated Na+ channels.
12. _______________________________Transcribe NMDA.
13. _______________________________Transcribe ATP
14. _______________________________ Transcribe ADP
15. _______________________________ Transcribe ECT.

CHOICES FOR 16- 25

A. DYSREGULATION OF GENE EXPRESSION
B. DYSREGULATION OF ONGOING CELLULAR FUNCTION
C. CELLULAR MAINTENANCE DYSFUNCTION
D. EXTERNAL MAINTENANCE DYSFUNCTION

16. Inappropriate cell function
17. Impaired ATP synthesis
18. Impaired Calcium regulation
19. Inappropriate protein synthesis
20. Impaired function of integrated systems
21. Impaired microtubular function
22. Inappropriate muscular activity
23. Inappropriate neuromuscular activity
24. Cell injury and death
25. Impaired membrane function

TRUE OR FALSE: IN THE FIRST BLANK, WRITE WHETHER TRUE OR FALSE, IF FALSE UNDERLINETHE WORD/S THAT MAKE/S IT FALSE AND WRITE THE CORRECT WORD IN THE SECOND BLANK.

1. _______ ________ Toxicodynamics involve toxicities interfering with cells specialized to provide support to other cells, tissues or whole organism.
2. _______ ________Repair involves only the internal cellular structure.
3. _______ ________ Alcohol converted to toxic metabolite produces direct injury .
4. _______ ________Alcohol stimulates GABA receptor and inhibits NMDA receptor
5. _______ ________Chronic intake of ethanol causes necrosis, cirrhosis, cancer of the lungs.
6. _______ ________Arsenic and mercury cause disrepair of the cells.

ESSAY: DISCUSS CONCISELY THE FOLLOWING.

1. DISCUSS THE POTENTIAL STAGES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF TOXICITY.( 10 PTS.)

2. WHAT IS THE SIGNIFICANCE OF TOXICODYNAMICS? ( 10 PTS.)

QUIZ FOR CPK AND LDH

ESSAY:

1. DISCUSS THE MOST COMMON METHOD FOR ISOENZYME DETERMINATION FOR CPK AND LDH.

1.1. Illustrate the electrophoretic mobility of each isoenzyme.
1.2. How is the concentration measured afterwards?

2. WHAT ARE THE ISOENZYMES OF ALP? DISCUSS THE CHARACTERISTIC AND METHODS OF MEASUREMENT OF EACH ENZYME.

3. DISCUSS THE PRINCIPLES OF ENZYME DATA INTERPRETATION.

4. OUTLINE ACP AND ALP IN YOUR LECTURE NOTEBOOKS.


ANSWERS WILL BE POSTED NEXT WEEK.

Pointers for Prelim Exams

Photo by ccarlstead


DON'T FORGET TO BRING THE FOLLOWING:

1. YOUR OWN CALCULATORS
2. BLACK PEN
3. GREEN HIGHLIGHTER
4. PENCIL WITH ERASER
5. PERMITS


COME IN COMPLETE UNIFORM

Blood Gas Analysis - Review Questions

Name: Clinical Chemistry 2 -Blood Gas Analysis

Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true.
T F	1.	Blood Gas Analysis is considered a routine test in clinical laboratories . This is because it is related to several common diseases.
T F	2.	Partial pressure of oxygen (pO2) measurements determines the ability of the lungs to “oxygenate” the body.
T F	3.	When computing for the pH values, carbonic acid is considered as dissolved carbon dioxide.
T F	4.	The normal pH of arterial blood ranges from, 7.45-7.55.
T F	5.	The normal ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate is 1:20.
T F	6.	Respiratory alkalosis is usually demonstrated by increased blood bicarbonate levels.
T F	7.	Hyperventilation causes acidosis because of the rapid excretion of carbon dioxide.
T F	8.	When there is respirtory alkalosis, the kidneys will respond by increasing the exretion of bicarbonates.
T F	9.	The best specimen for Blood Gas Analysis is heparinized blood.
T F	10.	The lungs and the kidneys are the organs involved in maintaining normal blood pH.
Matching
		a. respiratory alkalosis e. all of the above b. respiratory acidosis f. none of the above c. metabolic alkalosis g. a & b only d. metabolic acidosis h. c & d only
A B C D E F G H	11.	diarrhea
A B C D E F G H	12.	bronchial asthma
A B C D E F G H	13.	polyuria
A B C D E F G H	14.	hypoventilation
A B C D E F G H	15.	strenuous exercise
A B C D E F G H	16.	carbon dioxide is involved
A B C D E F G H	17.	bicarbonate is involved
A B C D E F G H	18.	pH is 8.5 with a HCO3 value as 23 mmol/L
Problem
	19.	A 20 year old female patient was admitted to the emergency ward. She complained of nausea, vomitting and polyuria. Her laboratory results were: Hemoglobin - 13 mg/dL White blood cells - 6,245 /cumm FBS - 70 mg/dL BUA - 3 mg/dL BUN - 15 mg/dL Serum creatinine - 1.2 mg/dL TAG - 140 mg/dL Cholesterol - 200 mg/dL pCO2 - 38 mmHg HCO3- 15 mmol/L Answer the following questions: 1. What is the acid base status of the patient? 2. What are the abnormal results in her laboratory tests? 3. What is the pH of the blood? 4. What further tests can be performed?
Essay
	20.	Discuss the compensatory mechanism of the body when there is metabolic alkalosis.

Medical Technology Board Exam Results For September 2008

FOR THE
RESULTS OF THE MEDICAL TECHOLOGY BOARD EXAMS FOR SEPTEMBER 2008, CLICK ON THIS LINK: PRC SITE .

GUIDE QUESTIONS - REPORTING

ELECTROPHORESIS

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Select the BEST answer

1. Most common support medium used in electrophoresis:
a. paper
b. starch gel
c. agarose
d. all of the above

2. The samples are separated into different adjacent zones and migrate at the same rate:
a. electrophoresis
b. isotachoporesis
c. iontophoresis
d. none of the above

3. This is a derivative of agar:
a. agarose gel
b. cellulose acetate
d. agaropressin
e. all of the above

4. This medium is thermostable :
a. acrylamide gel
b. agarose gel
c. cellulose acetate
d. all of the above

5. Stain that is used for serum proteins:
a. Ponceau S
b. Oil red O
c. ninhydrin
d. all of the above

6. Used to confirm the presence of antibodies to HIV:
a. western blot tech
b. southern blot tech
c. isoenzyme
d. All of the above

7. Used for pre-natal diagnosis of inborn errors:
a. southern blot
b. immunoelectrophoresis
c. ELISA
d. All of the above

8. Ampholyte molecule is also known as:
a. Zwitterion
b. isoelectric point
c. electrokinetic phenomenon
d. none of the above

9. Cutting the support medium into zones by means of suitable solvents such as basic buffers or weak alkali is:
a. elution
b. densitometry
c. EMIT
d. None of the above

10. What is the pH of the barbital (veronal) buffer?
a. 8.6
b. 9.5
c. 8.7
d. 10

ANSWERS:

1. A
2. B
3. A
4. A
5. A
6. A
7. A
8. A
9. A
10.A

GUIDE QUESTIONS - REPORTING - EFP

EMISSION FLAME PHOTOMETRY

Modified TRUE or FALSE:

WRITE: A if BOTH A & B statements are correct
B if BOTH A & B statements are incorrect
C if the FIRST statement is TRUE and the SECOND statement FALSE.
D if the FIRST statement is FALSE and the SECOND statement TRUE.

1. This is true of EMISSION FLAME PHOTOMETRY:(EFP)
A. Used in the detection of metal salts, principally Na, K, Cl, Ba, & Zn.
B. The unknown solution is aspirated into the flame.

2. This is true of Direct Method:
A. Simplest arrangement for measuring the intensity of the emitted light.
B. Direct measurement of analyte in unknown solution.

3. This is true of the internal standard for EFP:
A. cesium is the most commonly used standard
B. it requires more elaborate systems

4. True of EFP:
A. A small percentage of the atom is transformed to an excited state permanently
B. it is used in detection of metal salts

Enumeration:

5 - 7. Name 3 (three) reasons why EFP is commonly used:
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________
__________________________________________________

Match Column A with Column B

8, calcium A. yellow
9. potassium B. violet
10. sodium C. red

ANSWERS:

1. D
2. A
3. D
4. D
5. less expensive
6. easier to perform
7. faster TAT (turn around time)
8. C
9. B
10. A

GUIDE QUESTIONS -REPORTING

FLUOROMETRY

1. What type of light is measured in fluorometry?
a. fluorescent light emitted by analyte
b. light blocked by analytes in solution
c. emitted light by analyte
d. none of the above

2. A substance that does not fluoresce could be conjugated with other substances that
fluoresce to measure its concentration. This is termed as:
a. quenching
b. coupling method
c. anistropy
d. none of the above

3. It utilizes diffraction gratings to isolate wavelength of interest:
a. filter fluorometers
b. spectrofluorometers
c. either
d. neither

4. The light source of a fluorometer emits light:
a. of a shorter wavelength
b. of a longer wavelength
c. either
d. neither

5. The loss of energy and fluoresence due to collision caused by higher temperature is called:
a. quenching
b. coupling
c. fluorescence
d. none of the above

6. Fluorometry is how many times sensitive than spectrophotometry?
a. 100
b. 1,000
c. 10,000
d. 10

7. The two types of monochromators in fluorometry are:
a. excitation and emission
b. excitation and absorption
c. absorption and emission
d. emission and flourescence

8. This type of fluorometry that utilizes a secondary perpendicular intensity in polarization:
a. laser scanning
b. anisotropy
c. time resloved fluorometry
d. resonant energy transfer

9. It is the aspect of fluorometry that has been adapted to increase information content in the assay readout.

Select from the choices for no. 8

10. Co-localization of less than 200 nanometers can be determined by light microscopy alone:
a. true
b. false


ANSWERS

1. A
2. B
3. B
4. B
5. A
6. B
7. B
8. A
9. B
10. C