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CC2 TABLE OF SPECIFICATIONS - MIDTERM EXAMS: FEBRUARY 2, 2009

LECTURE - TOPICS & PERCENTAGES

1. LFT - 30 %
2. BGA- 30 %
3. AUTOMATION - 20 %
4. ELECTROLYTES - 20 %

TYPE OF EXAM

1. MULTIPLE CHOICE
2. PROBLEM SOLVING
3. ESSAY
4. TRANSCRIPTION
5. IDENTIFICATION

LECTURE -TOTAL NUMBER OF ITEMS = 130



LABORATORY MIDTERM EXAMS

ALL EXPERIMENTS PERFORMED

LABORATORY - TOTAL NUMBER OF ITEMS = 50

WHAT TO BRING:

1. PERMITS
2. CALCULATORS - STRICTLY NO BORROWING
3. 2 BLACK PENS
4. GREEN MARKER
5. 2 BLUE BOOKS
6. LABORATORY MANUALS FOR SUBMISSION

COME IN COMPLETE UNIFORM

Laboratory Instrumentation Quiz

TEST I – Multiple Choice.

Choices for nos 1-5:
a. Pre-analytical
b. Analytical
c. Post-analytical

1. Exposed reagent strips
2. Outdated set of protocols
3. Illegible request forum
4. QNS
5. COC not properly followed

6. The resolving power of a microscope refers to its ability to
a. Refract light
b. Clearly show detail
c. Produce an enlarged image
d. Increase an object’s apparent size
e. All of these

7. What is the standard length of the draw tube of a microscope?
a. 10 cm
b. 160 mm
c. 1.4 dm
d. 3.5 inches
e. None of the above

8. If the image remains visible after the exchange of objectives, the lenses are said to be
a. Parfocal
b. Partentive
c. Parcentered
d. A & C
e. None of the above

9. What substances are best visualized using polarized light?
a. Birefringent substances
b. Doubly refractile substances
c. Substances that can refract light in two directions
d. A & C
e. A, B & C

10. Which is not true about the transmission electron microscope?
a. It is used to study viruses
b. It shows a detailed structure of larger microbes
c. Ultrathin sections of the specimen must be prepared
d. It provides a better view of the surface of even small microorganisms
e. Makes use of electron beams to produce contrast

REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CC2 PRELIMS

I. IDENTIFICATION: ( 1 pt. Each)

1. The major intracellular cation.
2. The major extracellular cation..
3. In automation, this is the method of removing interfering substances.
4. This automated aspect corresponds to sample delivery in the manual method.
5. The normal pH of blood.
6. The most common method for electrolyte determination.
7. The major intracellular anion.
8. The major extracellular anion.
9. The heart of the centrifugal analyzer in automation..
10. The layer in dry slide technology that removes interfering substances.

Indicate ≤ if decreased, and ≥ if increased, and N if normal .

Substance or
Condition Na Cl K Ca Mg I.P.

Fever 11 12 13 14 15 16
Diarrhea 17 18 19 20 21 22
Osteoarthritis 23 24 25 26 27 28
ketoacidosis 29 30 31 32 33 34
heart failure 35 36 37 38 39 40

NORMAL VALUES OF THE FOLLOWING SUBSTANCES

II. GIVE THE NORMAL VALUES OF THE FOLLOWING SUBSTANCES:

Most Normal Values are method dependent. Here are normal values adapted for common methods:

1. BILIRUBIN - TB - up to 2 mg/dL
2. GLUCOSE - 60 -110 mg/dL
3. BLOOD URIC ACID - M: 3-7 mg/dL, F: 2-6 mg/dL
4. BLOOD UREA NITROGEN - 9-18 mg/dL
5. TRIGLYCERIDE - less than 2 mmol/L or less than 150 mg/dL
6. CHOLESTEROL - less than 250 mg/dL
7. ALBUMIN - 3.2-5.5 g/L
8. GLOBULIN - less than 2 g/L
9. TOTAL PROTEIN - 5.5 - 8.5 g/L
10. A/G RATIO - 1.5-3:1
11. CREATININE - 0.5 - 1.5 mg/dL
12. FIBRINOGEN - 200-400 mg/dL

As mentioned above, normal values for other tests would vary.

Answers to Identification

1. The first semi-automated apparatus in clinical chemistry. - autotechnicon
2. The supernatant fluid when clotted blood has been centrifuged.-serum
3. The supernatant fluid when unclotted blood has been centrifuged.-plasma
4. A process wherein a needle is introduced into a vein to obtain blood.-phlebotomy
5. The simplest form of lipid.- fatty acids
6. Major function of the kidneys.- excretion
7. It is the confidence limits in QC.- +- 2 SD
8. The conversion factor for glucose.- 0.0555
9. The normal pH of serum.- 7.35-7.45
10. The good cholesterol.- HDL (High Density Lipoprotein)

REVIEW QUESTIONS FOR CC1 FINAL EXAMS

I. IDENTIFICATION: ( 1 PT. EACH)

1. The first semi-automated apparatus in clinical chemistry.
2. The supernatant fluid when clotted blood has been centrifuged.
3. The supernatant fluid when unclotted blood has been centrifuged.
4. A process wherein a needle is introduced into a vein to obtain blood.
5. The simplest form of lipid.
6. Major function of the kidneys.
7. It is the confidence limits in QC.
8. The conversion factor for glucose.
9. The normal pH of serum.
10. The good cholesterol.


II. GIVE THE NORMAL VALUES OF THE FOLLOWING SUBSTANCES:

1. BILIRUBIN
2. GLUCOSE
3. BLOOD URIC ACID
4. BLOOD UREA NITROGEN
5. TRIGLYCERIDE
6. CHOLESTEROL
7. ALBUMIN
8. GLOBULIN
9. TOTAL PROTEIN
10. A/G RATIO
11. CREATININE
12. FIBRINOGEN


III. PROBLEM SOLVING :

1. WRITE DOWN THE FORMULA .
2. SHOW COMPUTATIONS.
3. ENCLOSE ANSWERS IN BOXES.

1. What is the Normality of a 10 % NaCl solution? ( 5 pts.)
2. What is the Molarity of a 2 N H2SO4 solution? ( 5 pts.)
3. What is the dilution if you add o.50 ml of serum to 6.5 ml of diluent?(6pts.)
4. How would you prepare 1:10 serum dilution? ( 5 pts.)
5. How would you prepare a 0.85 % NaCl solution? (5 pts.)

6. Construct a Levey-Jennings chart based on the following data:
(use a graphing paper) ( 5 pts.)

Control values standard values unknown values

Day 1 3.2 mmol/L 5.4 mmol/L 6.7 mmol/L
Day 2 4.5 mmol/L 2.6 mmol/L 4.2 mmol/L
Day 3 4.0 mmol/L 5.0 mmol/L 3.8 mmol/L
Day 4 3.0 mmol/L 3.5 mmol/L 5.0 mmol/L
Day 5 4.2 mmol/L 2.5 mmol/L 6.7 mmol/L
Day 6 3.5 mmol/L 5.5 mmol/L 5.5 mmol/L
Day 7 4.5 mmol/L 6.0 mmol/L 5.2 mmol/L
Day 8 4.1 mmol/L 5.5 mmol/L 6.7 mmol/L
Day 9 4.3 mmol/L 3.6 mmol/L 5.4 mmol/L
Day 10 3.0 mmol/L 5.2 mmol/L 4.6 mmol/L
Day 11 4.1mmol/L 4.4 mmol/L 2.7 mmol/L
Day 12 6.5 mmol/L 2.6 mmol/L 5.2 mmol/L
Day 13 4.0 mmol/L 5.0 mmol/L 4.8 mmol/L
Day 14 2.8 mmol/L 5.5 mmol/L 5.0 mmol/L
Day 15 4.2 mmol/L 2.5 mmol/L 7.7 mmol/L
Day 16 5.5 mmol/L 5.5 mmol/L 2.5 mmol/L
Day 17 7.5 mmol/L 7.0 mmol/L 3.2 mmol/L
Day 18 3.1 mmol/L 5.5 mmol/L 2.7 mmol/L
Day 19 4.3 mmol/L 4.6 mmol/L 5.4 mmol/L
Day 20 5.2 mmol/L 5.2 mmol/L 3.6 mmol/L


Based on the constructed CHART: ( 5 pts.)

1. Determine if the control values are “in control” or “out of control”
2. Are there any Westgard Rules violated? If there are, encircle with red ink the violations.
3. If there are violations, Identify whether “trend” or “shift”.
4.What appropriate measures could be adapted to correct the error?

Questions on Clinical Toxicology

I. IDENTIFICATION/FILL IN THE BLANKS: ( 1 PT. EACH)

1.__________________________________________ The major excretory organ responsible for drug excretion.

2.__________________________________________The major metabolic organ which converts drugs to their metabolites.

3.__________________________________________ Give one substance that could cause an irreversible damage to the liver.

4.__________________________________________Major carrier protein of almost all drugs in the body.

5.__________________________________________The normal pH of blood.

6.__________________________________________The less toxic metabolite of ethanol, which is produced by the liver.

7.__________________________________________ Give one specific example of a natural poison.

8.__________________________________________ Give the species of poppy that is toxic to man.

9.__________________________________________ It is the term used to describe the reaction and metabolism of the drug inside the body..

10._________________________________________It is the time required for the concentration of a drug to go down to half of its original concentration.

TRANSCRIPTION

TRANSCRIBE THE FOLLOWING:

1. SGOT
2. DTL
3. SGPT
4. ACS
5. NPO
6. FBS
7. wl
8. nm
9. A
10. mg/dL
11. mEq/L
12. stat
13. % T
14. Cu
15. Cs
16. As
17. Au
18. TAG
19. OGTT
20. IGTT

Answers will be posted next week.

Diagnostic Exams- Identification with Answers

I. IDENTIFICATION: ( 1 PT. EACH)

1. He was responsible for the manufacture of the first autoanalyzer.
Dr. Leonard Skeggs

2. Term for the person who performs phlebotomy.
Phlebotomist, venipuncturist

3. Traditional expression of concentration of substances.
milligrams per deciliter

4. A process wherein a needle is introduced into a vein to obtain blood.
phlebotomy, venipuncture

5. The simplest form of carbohydrate.
monosaccharide

6. Formation of stones in the kidneys.
nephrolithiasis

7. It is the percentile expression of the standard deviation over the mean.
Coeffecient of Variation

8. The reference method for glucose.
Hexokinase

9. The normal pH of blood.
7.35 70 7.45

10. The stabilizing protein in serum.
Albumin