Clinical Chemistry - Review Questions on Liver Function Test (LFT)

1. _____________________________________________ The enzyme responsible for the conversion of heme to biliverdin. 2. _____________________________________________ The enzyme responsible for the conversion of B1 to B2. 3. _____________________________________________ The carrier protein for B1 to the liver. 4. _____________________________________________ B1 is conjugated with this substance in the liver. 5. _____________________________________________ The liver converts ethanol to this substance. 6. _____________________________________________ Amino acids are converted to this substance in the liver. 7. _____________________________________________These cells act as macrophages in the liver. 8. _____________________________________________ It connects the liver to the diaphragm. 9. _____________________________________________Name the 2 mechanisms by which the liver detoxifies substances. 10. _____________________________________________ 11. _____________________________________________The amount of bile produced every day. 12. _____________________________________________The major bile pigment. 13. _____________________________________________The amount of bilirubin produced daily. 14. _____________________________________________Normal value for TB. 15. _____________________________________________Normal value for B2. 16. _____________________________________________These cells would carry B1 inside the liver. 17. _____________________________________________ This substance prevents B1 from leaving the liver. 18. _____________________________________________Bilirubin is converted to this substance in the small intestines by the action of bacteria. 19. _____________________________________________The answer to no. 18 is converted further to this substance which gives the color of the reagent. 20. _____________________________________________In the urine, some bilirubin is converted to this substance. 21. _____________________________________________ Conversion factor of Bilirubin 22. _____________________________________________ Formula for TB. 23. Three sources of bilirubin_________________________ 24. _____________________________________________ 25. _____________________________________________ ESSAY: 1. ILLUSTRATE HOW B1 AND B2 ARE FORMED (10 pts) 2. NAME 5 SYNONYMS EACH FOR B1 AND B2 (10 pts.)

Check next week for the correct answers.

Review Questions on Laboratory Mathematics Clinical Chemistry

1. For you to be able to interpret a quality control chart, you must have these number of data:
    A. 20 control values                C. 20 standard values
    B. 10 control values                 D.10 standard values
                             E. NIL

2. What is the Normality  of a 3.6 M Sulfuric acid solution given the molecular weights?( H=1, S=32, O-16)
    a. 1.8 N        b. 3.6N        c. 4.9 N             d. 7.2 N        e. NIL

3. .How many grams of HCL is used to prepare 250 ml of a 4.8 solution of HCL? (H-1, Cl-35.5)
    a. 36  G        b. 36.5 g        c. 40 g        d. 43.8 g    e. NIL

4. What is the Molarity of a 2 .5 N solution of NaOH?
a.    1.50 mol/l                   c. 3.35  mol/l        e. NIL
b.    2.5 mol/l                      d. 4.5  mol/l

5. The molecular weight of  H3 PO4 is:
a. 48            c. 98            e. NIL
b. 58.5            d. 98.1

6. How many grams of  NaCl are required to make 1,000 ml. of  0.3 M  solution?
a. 36.3             c. 26.32        e. NIL
b. 52.6            d. 53

7. What is the Molar concentration of a 20 grm. Of NaOH diluted to 1 liter of distilled water?
a. 1 M                        c. 0.5 M        e. NIL
b. 2 M                        d. 1.5 M

8. What is the amount of CaCl2.H2O in grams is needed  to prepare 0.4 N solution of
Ca Cl2?
a. 8.8                            c. 16            e. NIL
b. 4                        d. 32

9. One milligram is equal to:
a. 0.001 grm.                    c. 0.01 grm.        e. NIL
b. 0.0001 grm.                    d. 0.1 grm.

10. A 10 mgs. % solution contains:
a.    10 mgs of solute/100ml of solution
b.    10 mgs of solute/100 ml of diluent 
c.    10 mgs of solute/1000 ml of diluent
d.    10 mgs of solute/1000ml of solution
e.    NIL

11. A 2 % solution of 10mg/100ml is diluted 1:100. What is the final concentration?
a. 2 %                        c. 0.2 %        e. NIL
b. 0.02 %                    d. 0.002 %


ANSWERS WILL BE GIVEN NEXT WEEK.

ASPARTATE AMINOTRANSFERASE DETERMINATION Review Questions and Answers

1.    State the principle of the test.

AST in the serum catalyzes the transfer of an amino acid group to a keto acid group to form oxaloacetate and L-glutamate. This is measured spectrophotometrically at 505-535 nanometers.

2.    Name sources of error in this method.

Hemolyzed serum will increase values 10-15 X
Turbid, lipemic and icteric serum needs serum blanking for accuracy
Altered temperatures could either increase nor decrease values
Prolonged or shortened incubation time at specified conditions could increase or decrease values respectively

3.    What is the purpose of allowing the reagents to come to room temperature.

The purpose is to allow the reagents to inactivate the reagents so that they could react properly.

4.    Differentiate AST from ALT. Cite specific differences.

CRITERIA                     AST                                                      ALT
Substrate    L-aspartate & alpha-ketoglutarate            L-alanine & alpha-ketoglutarate
Old name    SGOT                                                       SGPT
One of the end products    oxaloacetate                       Pyruvate
Amount in inside serum    10-15 times                        5-8 times
Major clinical significance    heart                                Liver
       

5.    What is the component of the SGOT substrate?

L- aspartate and alpha-ketoglutarate

How to Solve Normality and Molarity of Solutions

Solving the Normality and Molarity of solutions is quite easy by remembering the relationship of Normality to Molarity.

1.    Normality may be equal but is always greater than the Molarity in the same solution.

2.    If the valence is 1, Normality is equal  to Molarity.

Try solving these problems. Atomic weights: Na = 23; Cl = 35.5, H = 1, Ca = 40, Valences: Ca = 2, NaCl = 1, HCl = 1.

1.    If you have dissolved 20 grams of sodium chloride in 1.5 Liter of distilled water, what is the:

1.1.    Normality
1.2.    Molarity
1.3.    Percent solution

2.    What is the Molarity of 1 N Hydrochloric acid?

3.    What is the Normality of 0.8 M calcium chloride?

CLICK HERE FOR THE ANSWERS.

Answers to Review Questions on Lipids, Carbohydrates and Proteins

1.      ____________LIPOPROTEINS_______________ The lipid that acts as a carrier protein.

2.      ____________TRIGLYCERIDE______________ The storage form of lipids or fats in the body.

3.      _____________AMINO ACIDS______________ The simplest form of proteins.

4.      _____________GLYCOGEN ________________ The storage form of glucose.

5.      _____________AMINO ACIDS______________ The storage form of proteins.

6.      _____INSUFFICIENCY OF ADH_____________ The major cause of diabetes insipidus.

7.      ____NONE - BUT WHEN  IT’S DONE WITH TAG – 12 TO 14 HOURS__________________________________ The standard fasting hours for cholesterol.

8.      ____RANDOM BLOOD SUGAR_____________ Transcribe RBS.

9.      ____ 1 to 2 %_____________________________ The percentage that glucose is destroyed per hour at refrigerated temperatures.

10.  _____LIEBERMANN BURCHARD/T_________ The reference method -cholesterol.

11.  _____BUILDING BLOCKS OF THE BODY____ Name one function of proteins.

12.   _____SODIUM FLUORIDE_________________ Ideal anticoagulant for glucose.

13.  _______12 to 14 HOURS ___________________  Ideal fasting hours for TAG.

14.  ______TRIACYLGLYCEROL, TRIGLYCEIDE_ Transcribe TAG.

15.  ______NONE, BUT AS A MATTER OF PROTOCOL 8 to 12 HOURS_ Ideal fasting hours for protein test.

Answers to Review Questions on Renal Function Test (RFT)

1.      ___BUN_____________________ The 2 major substances measured in blood for Renal Function test.

2.      ___CREATININE_____________

3.      ____2.14_____________________ The conversion factor of Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) to urea.

4.      ____88.4______________________ The conversion factor of creatinine from traditional units to SI units.

5.      ____0.357_____________________The conversion factor of BUN from traditional units to SI units.

6.      ____0.059_____________________ The conversion factor of BUA from traditional units to SI units.

7.      ____BUA_____________________ The end product of purine catabolism.

8.      ____CREATININE_____________ The end product of muscle metabolism.

9.      ____BUN_____________________ The end product of protein metabolism.

10.  ____BLOOD URIC ACID_______ Transcribe BUA.

Review Questions in Renal Function Test (RFT)

1.      ____________________________ The 2 major substances measured in blood for Renal Function test.

2.      ____________________________

3.      ____________________________ The conversion factor of Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) to urea.

4.      ____________________________ The conversion factor of creatinine from traditional units to SI units.

5.      ____________________________The conversion factor of BUN from traditional units to SI units.

6.      ____________________________ The conversion factor of BUA from traditional units to SI units.

7.      ____________________________ The end product of purine catabolism.

8.      ____________________________ The end product of muscle metabolism.

9.      ____________________________ The end product of protein metabolism.

10.  ____________________________ Transcribe BUA.


CLICK HERE FOR ANSWERS.

Answers to Venipuncture Review Questions

Answers to Venipuncture Review Questions

1.    _15 to 30 degrees  Ideal angle of entry of needle.

2.    Hematoma  _____ Bluish discoloration of the area subjected to trauma.

3.    Phlebotomy_____ Another term for venipuncture.

4.    Basilica _________ Three major veins used in venipuncture.

5.    Cephalic_________

6.    Mid-cubital______

7.    Ante-cubital fossa_The major site of venipuncture.

8.    70% isopropyl alcohol The most common sterilizing agent in venipuncture.

9.    transfixation_____ The most common mistakes of first-timers in venipuncture.

10. serum__________ The most common blood specimen in clinical chemistry.

Review Questions on Carbohydrates, Lipids and Proteins

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY Review Questions Lipids, CHO, CHON

1.      _________________________________________ The lipid that acts as a lung surfactant.

2.      _________________________________________ The most predominant monosaccharide.

3.      _________________________________________ The simplest form of lipids.

4.      _________________________________________ The storage form of glucose.

5.      _________________________________________ The storage form of lipids.

6.      _________________________________________ The major cause of diabetes mellitus.

7.      _________________________________________ The standard fasting hours for FBS.

8.      _________________________________________ Transcribe FBS.

9.      _________________________________________ The percentage that glucose is destroyed per hour at room temperature.

10.  _________________________________________ The reference method for glucose.

11.  _________________________________________ The ideal anticoagulant for glucose.

12.  _________________________________________ Name one function of proteins.

13.  _________________________________________ Ideal fasting hours for TAG.

14.  _________________________________________ Transcribe TAG.

15.  _________________________________________ Ideal fasting hours for protein.

16-20. Draw the different layers in plasma and serum preparation after centrifugation.

21.25. Discuss how insulin and glucagon maintain normal blood glucose levels.

Bonus: _________________________________________ Name the basic nucleus of cholesterol.

CLICK HERE FOR THE ANSWERS

Sample Review Questions on Laboratory Instrumentation

Matching Type (Match column B with column A 

(Column A) 


1. Reflectance spectrophotometry

2. Absorbance or transmittance

3. Emitted light

4. Electromagnetic radiation at ground state

5. Stationary and mobile phase

6. Freezing point depression

7. Reaction of antigen –antibody

8. Longer wavelength

9. C1V1 = C2V2

10. rotor


 (Column B)


A. OSMOMETRY

B. CHROMATOGRAPHY

C. FLAME PHOTOMETRY

D. FLUOROMETRY

E. GRAVIMETRY

F. TITRIMETRY

G. SPECTROPHOTOMETRY

H. VOLUMETRY

I. DRY SLIDE TECHNOLOGY

J. IMMUNOASSAY

K. CENTRIFUGAL ANALYSIS

L. DUPONT ACA

M. SEQUENTIAL ANALYSIS

N. NIL



CHECK HERE FOR ANSWERS .

Answers to Problem Solving, Normality, Molarity and Percent Solutions

1. What is the Normality  of a 3.6 M Sulfuric acid solution given the molecular weights?( H=1, S=32, O-16)

    a. 1.8 N          b. 3.6N        c. 4.9 N              d. 7.2 N        e. NIL

2. How many grams of HCL is used to prepare 250 ml of a 4.8 solution of HCL? (H-1, Cl-35.5)

    a. 36  G          b. 36.5 g       c. 40 g             d. 43.8 g           e. NIL

3. What is the Molarity of a 2 .5 N solution of NaOH?

a.       1.50 mol/l                   c. 3.35  mol/l                e. NIL

b.      2.5 mol/l                      d. 4.5  mol/l

4. The molecular weight of  H3 PO4 is:

a. 48                            c. 98                            e. NIL

b. 58.5                         d. 98.1

5. How many grams of  NaCl are required to make 1,000 ml. of  0.3 M  solution?

a. 36.3                         c. 26.32                       e. NIL

b. 52.6                         d. 53

6. What is the Molar concentration of a 20 grm. Of NaOH diluted to 1 liter of distilled water?

a. 1 M                                                              c. 0.5 M                       e. NIL

b. 2 M                                                              d. 1.5 M

 7. What is the amount of CaCl2.H2O in grams is needed  to prepare 0.4 N solution of

Ca Cl2?

a. 8.8                                                              c. 16                            e. NIL

b. 4                                                                  d. 32

  8. One milligram is equal to:

a. 0.001 grm.                                                   c. 0.01 grm.                 e. NIL

b. 0.0001 grm.                                                 d. 0.1 grm.

 9. A 10 mgs. % solution contains:

a.       10 mgs of solute/100ml of solution

b.      10 mgs of solute/100 ml of diluent 

c.       10 mgs of solute/1000 ml of diluent

d.      10 mgs of solute/1000ml of solution

e.       NIL

10. A 2 % solution of 10mg/100ml is diluted 1:100. What is the final concentration?

a. 2 %                                                              c. 0.2 %                       e. NIL

b. 0.02 %                                                         d. 0.002 %

Answers to Clinical Chemistry 1 Review Questions

I. IDENTIFICATION: ( 1 PT. EACH)

1. The supernatant fluid when clotted blood has been centrifuged. SERUM

2. The supernatant fluid when anti-coagulated blood has been centrifuged. PLASMA

3. The reference colorimetric method for cholesterol. SCHOENHEIMER AND SPERRY

4. A process wherein a needle is introduced into a vein to obtain blood. VENIPUNCTURE/PHLEBOTOMY

5. The simplest form of carbohydrate. MONOSACCHARIDE

6. How many minutes do you centrifuge the blood for serum preparation? 5-10 MINUTES

7. It is the precision and accuracy of a method. RELIABILITY

8. The reference method for glucose. HEXOKINASE

9. The normal pH of serum. 7.35 TO 7.45 WITH AN AVERAGE OF 7.4

10. The most common sample for clinical chemistry. UNHEMOLYZED, NON-ICTERIC, NON-LIPEMIC, CLEAR SERUM

Answers to Normality, Molarity Problem Solving Review Questions in Clinical Chemistry

PROBLEM SOLVING :

1. WRITE DOWN FORMULA.
2. SHOW COMPUTATIONS.
3. ENCLOSE ANSWERS IN BOXES.

ATOMIC WEIGHTS:

Na = 23 H = 1 S = 32
Cl= 35.5 O = 16

1. If you weigh 5 g NaCl solution and dissolve it in 1000 ml of diluent. ( 5 pts. each)

A. What is the Molarity?

M= Gram molecular weight per liter of solution, hence: M= 5 /58.5/1 liter

M = 0.085 M

B. What is the Normality?

Since Normality (N) = M x valence(factor)

M = 0.085 x 1 (valence)

M = 0.085 N

N.B. WHEN THE VALENCE OR FACTOR IS ONE THE NORMALITY IS EQUIVALENT TO THE MOLARITY.

C. What is the percent solution?

% = Weight/total volume x 100

% = (5/1,000 mL) X 100

% = 0.5%

ANSWERS TO THE REMAINING QUESTIONS WILL BE GIVEN NEXT POST.

2. What is the Molarity of a 0.5 N H2SO4 solution? (5 pts.)
3. What is the dilution if you add 0.75 ml of serum to 3.0 ml of diluent? ( 5 pts.)
4. How would you prepare 1:20 serum dilution? (5 pts.)
5. How would you prepare a 0.5 % NaCl solution? (5 pts.)
6. You are asked to prepare 200 ml of the following standard concentrations from a 20 mg/dL standard stock solution: Tabulate volume of solute and solvent and also dilution. ( 5 pts. each)

A. 2 mg/dL C. 8 mg/dL
B. 4 mg/dL D. 10 mg/dL
E. 15 mg/dL

Clinical Chemistry Review Questions

Clinical Chemistry Review Questions vary in difficulty and complexity. Here are some basic questions which can help you review common principles in Clinical Chemistry.

Select the BEST ANSWER.

1. The most common sample specimen in clinical chemistry is:

a. Plasma c. whole blood

b. Serum d. buffy coat

2. In enzyme analysis, the following should be monitored closely, EXCEPT:

a. Temperature c. pH

b. Concentration of substrate d. non-competitive inhibitor

3. Electrolytes are called amphoteric substances because of this reason:

a. They can either be negatively or positively charged

b. They can be water or non-water soluble

c. They can transform from one energy form to another

d. They are directly transported in the blood stream.

4. The following statements are true of electrophoresis, EXCEPT:

a. It is a method to separate proteins from one another

b. The media can be paper, agar gel or cellulose

c. The principle depends upon their ability to fluoresce

d. Electrophoretic mobility is based on the charges of the ions.

5. In the maintenance of normal blood pH, these two organs are involved:

a. Lungs and heart c. lungs and kidneys

b. Kidneys and heart d. kidneys and liver

Choices for numbers 6 to 10

a. Uncompensated metabolic alkalosis

b. Uncompensated metabolic acidosis

c. Uncompensated respiratory alkalosis

d. Uncompensated respiratory acidosis

e. Partially compensated metabolic alkalosis

f. Partially compensated metabolic acidosis

g. Partially compensated respiratory alkalosis

h. Partially compensated respiratory acidosis

i. Fully compensated metabolic alkalosis

j. Fully compensated metabolic acidosis

k. Fully compensated respiratory alkalosis

l. Fully compensated respiratory acidosis

m. None of the above

6. Given pH – 7.49, pCO2= 40 mmHg, HCO3 = 32 mmol/L, What do these values indicate?

7. Given pH – 6.8, dCO2= 10 mmol/L, TCO2= 22 mmol/L, What do these values indicate?

8. Given pH- 7.43, HCO3= 29 mmol/L, pCO2 – 50 mmHg. What do these values indicate?

9. Given pH- 7.15, HCO3= 25 mmol/L, pCO2 – 60 mmHg. What do these values indicate?

10. Given pH- 7.50, HCO3= 40 mmol/L, pCO2 – 40 mmHg. What do these values indicate?